Target type: molecularfunction
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+. [EC:1.1.1.27, RHEA:23444]
L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and L-lactate, an essential reaction in cellular metabolism. This reversible reaction plays a crucial role in the following:
1. **Glycolysis:** During glycolysis, pyruvate is produced from glucose. When oxygen is limited, LDH reduces pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ which is required for further glycolysis. This allows for ATP production even in the absence of oxygen, crucial for anaerobic metabolism.
2. **Gluconeogenesis:** In the liver, LDH can convert lactate back to pyruvate, which can then be used for gluconeogenesis to generate glucose. This is important for maintaining blood glucose levels, especially during prolonged fasting or exercise.
3. **Lactate shuttle:** LDH facilitates the transfer of lactate from tissues with high glycolytic activity (e.g., muscle) to tissues with high oxidative capacity (e.g., liver). This process is known as the lactate shuttle, and it allows for the efficient use of lactate as a fuel source.
4. **Regulation of redox balance:** LDH contributes to the regulation of cellular redox state by interconverting pyruvate and lactate, which are both involved in the transfer of electrons and the production of NADH/NAD+ and FADH2/FAD.
5. **Other physiological functions:** LDH has been implicated in various other biological processes, including immune responses, cell signaling, and tumor growth. The specific role of LDH in these processes is still being investigated.
The activity of LDH is influenced by several factors, including the availability of substrates (pyruvate and lactate), the cellular energy state, and the presence of specific inhibitors or activators.'
"
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain | [no definition available] | Bos taurus (cattle) |
| L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain | An L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07195] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain | An L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P00338] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| malonic acid | dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups. malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group. | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid | human metabolite |
| oxamic acid | oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia. Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative. | dicarboxylic acid monoamide | Escherichia coli metabolite |
| gossypol | Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer. | ||
| guanidine hydrochloride | one-carbon compound; organic chloride salt | protein denaturant | |
| adenosine monophosphate | Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical |
| 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid | 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid with the carboxy group at position 2 and carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by the biodegradation of phenanthrene by microorganisms. 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid; naphthols | bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fungal xenobiotic metabolite |
| dronabinol | Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. | benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide | cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic |
| cannabichromene | 1-benzopyran | ||
| delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid | Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. A biosynthetic precursor to Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant. | benzochromene; diterpenoid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide | anti-inflammatory agent; biomarker; metabolite; neuroprotective agent |
| gossylic nitrile-1,1'-diacetate | gossylic nitrile-1,1'-diacetate: inhibits human immunodeficiency virus Type I replication; structure given in first source | ||
| cannabidiol | cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4. Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. | olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols | antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite |
| rutin | Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders. | disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone | antioxidant; metabolite |
| 3-dihydroxy-6-methyl-7-(phenylmethyl)-4-propylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid | 3-dihydroxy-6-methyl-7-(phenylmethyl)-4-propylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid: inhibits lactate dehydrogenase A | ||
| adenosine monophosphate | adenosine 5'-monophosphate(2-) : A nucleoside 5'-monophosphate(2-) that results from the removal of two protons from the phosphate group of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP). | nucleoside 5'-monophosphate(2-) | cofactor; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite |
| methyl 1-hydroxy-6-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1h-indole-2-carboxylate | methyl 1-hydroxy-6-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate: inhibits lactate dehydrogenase A; structure in first source | ||
| galloflavin | galloflavin: structure in first source | ||
| gossylic iminolactone | gossylic iminolactone: inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type I replication; structure given in first source | ||
| gossylic lactone | gossylic lactone: inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type I replication; structure given in first source |