Target type: biologicalprocess
A neuroinflammatory response, occurring over several days, during which glial cells undergo nonspecific reactive changes in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS); typically involves the proliferation or hypertrophy of different types of glial cells. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, PMID:24462092]
Reactive gliosis is a complex biological process that occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) in response to injury, infection, or inflammation. It involves the activation and proliferation of glial cells, primarily astrocytes and microglia, leading to the formation of a glial scar. The process can be broadly divided into three stages:
1. **Initial Response:** Following injury or insult, microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, are the first responders. They become activated, migrating to the site of injury and releasing various inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines. These mediators initiate the recruitment of other immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, to the site of injury.
2. **Astrocyte Activation and Proliferation:** Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell type in the CNS, are also activated in response to injury. They undergo a process known as astrogliosis, characterized by hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and the upregulation of various genes, including those involved in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. These activated astrocytes, known as reactive astrocytes, form a dense network around the site of injury, creating a glial scar.
3. **Glial Scar Formation:** The glial scar, composed primarily of reactive astrocytes, serves multiple functions. It helps to contain the damaged area, limiting the spread of inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues. It also contributes to the restoration of tissue homeostasis by removing debris and promoting tissue repair. However, the glial scar can also impede axonal regeneration and hinder functional recovery.
Reactive gliosis is a double-edged sword. While it is essential for protecting the CNS from further damage, it can also contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Understanding the complex mechanisms underlying reactive gliosis is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies to promote neuroprotection and enhance functional recovery after CNS injury.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 8 | An ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 8 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q15842] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Integrin beta-1 | An integrin beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P05556] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
haloperidol | haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety. Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279) | aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
1,3-ditolylguanidine | 1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain | toluenes | |
n-cyano-n'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-n''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine | N-cyano-N'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-N''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine: potassium channel opener | pyridines | |
tirofiban | tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group. Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME. | L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide | anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist |
cromakalim | Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352) | ||
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid | arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system | oligopeptide | |
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine | arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets | ||
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine | glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: synthetic peptide from fibronectins; inhibits experimental metastasis of murine melanoma cells | ||
d-arg-gly-asp-trp | arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-tryptophan: a synthetic RGD-containing peptide | ||
l 738167 | L 738167: structure in first source | ||
cilengitide | Cilengitide: an alphaVbeta3 integrin antagonist that paralyzes cancer cells | oligopeptide | |
l 734217 | L 734217: fibrinogen receptor antagonist; structure given in first source | ||
zeneca zd 6169 | Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source | ||
cyclopamine | piperidines | glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor | |
cromakalim | 1-benzopyran | ||
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-phenylalanine | |||
zm226600 | ZM226600: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure in first source | anilide | |
cyclic(arg-gly-asp-d-phe-val) | |||
mk-0429 | |||
mocetinostat | mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11). mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer | aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent |
way 133537 | |||
tr 14035 | N-(2,6-dichlorobenzoyl)-4-(2',6'-bismethoxyphenyl)phenylalanine: TR-14035 is the (L)-isomer; an antagonist of both alpha4beta1 and beta7 integrins; structure in first source | ||
bio 1211 | BIO 1211: integrin alpha4beta1 inhibitor; structure in first source |