Target type: biologicalprocess
The process in which amyloid-beta is removed from extracellular brain regions by cell surface receptor-mediated endocytosis, followed by intracellular degradation. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, PMID:18289866]
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) clearance by cellular catabolic processes is a crucial mechanism for maintaining brain health and preventing the accumulation of Aβ, which is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. This process involves a complex interplay of various cellular pathways, including:
1. **Endocytosis:** Aβ is internalized into cells through endocytosis, a process where the cell membrane invaginates and engulfs extracellular material. This can occur via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, where Aβ binds to receptors on the cell surface and is internalized within clathrin-coated vesicles, or through other endocytic pathways.
2. **Lysosomal Degradation:** Once inside the cell, Aβ-containing vesicles fuse with lysosomes, which are organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down cellular debris and macromolecules. Within the lysosome, Aβ is degraded into smaller peptides and amino acids, effectively removing it from the cell.
3. **Proteasomal Degradation:** Aβ can also be degraded by the proteasome, a protein complex responsible for degrading misfolded or damaged proteins. This pathway is particularly important for the clearance of intracellular Aβ, which can arise from misfolded Aβ produced within the cell.
4. **Autophagy:** Autophagy is a cellular process that involves the engulfment of cellular components, including protein aggregates, within double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes. These autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes, leading to the degradation of the enclosed materials, including Aβ.
The efficiency of Aβ clearance by these pathways can be impaired by various factors, including age, genetic mutations, and environmental factors. This can lead to an accumulation of Aβ in the brain, contributing to the development of Alzheimer's disease.
Furthermore, specific enzymes play critical roles in Aβ clearance, such as:
* **Neprilysin (NEP):** A metallopeptidase that degrades Aβ in the extracellular space.
* **Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE):** An enzyme involved in the degradation of both insulin and Aβ.
* **Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE):** Another metallopeptidase with Aβ-degrading activity.
The intricate interplay of these cellular pathways and enzymes highlights the importance of maintaining efficient Aβ clearance for brain health. Enhancing these pathways through therapeutic interventions could potentially slow or prevent the progression of Alzheimer's disease.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Insulin-degrading enzyme | An insulin-degrading enzyme that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P14735] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Neprilysin | A neprilysin that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P08473] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Low-density lipoprotein receptor | A low-density lipoprotein receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P01130] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
thiorphan | Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms. | N-acyl-amino acid | |
ebselen | ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase. | benzoselenazole | anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger |
losartan | losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II. | biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles | angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist |
rabeprazole | Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. | benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor |
cefmetazole | cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure. Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted. | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
captopril | captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug. Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. | alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
sq 28603 | SQ 28603: a selective neutral endopeptidase inhibitor | ||
kelatorphan | kelatorphan: inhibitor of enkephalin metabolism; structure given in first source | ||
(3-(n-hydroxy)carboxamido-2-benzylpropanoyl)glycine | |||
2-(4-morpholinyl)-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one | 2-(4-morpholinyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: an aminochromone; exhibits both antiproliferative and antichemotactic activity in vitro | ||
cgs 26303 | CGS 26303: a potent non-peptidic inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase capable of protecting atrial natriuretic peptide from enzymatic degradation; structure given in first source | ||
bb3497 | BB3497: peptide deformylase inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
candoxatrilat | candoxatrilat : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation between the amino group of cis-4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid and the cyclopentanecarboxylic acid group of 1-[(2S)-2-carboxy-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyl]cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. A potent inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin, EC 3.4.24.11), it is used as its 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester prodrug in the treatment of chronic heart failure. candoxatrilat: USAN lists candoxatrilat (UK-73,967) with RN 123122-54-3 | ||
actinonin | actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure | ||
phosphoramidon | phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis. phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure | deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide | bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor |
s 1033 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
omapatrilat | omapatrilat: structure in first source | dipeptide | |
sitagliptin | sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity. | triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene | EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic |
thiorphan | |||
myricetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite | |
uk 81,252 | sampatrilat: structure in first source | ||
cgs 35066 | CGS 35066: an endothelin-converting enzyme-1 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
rolitetracycline | rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group. Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE. | ||
quininib | quininib : A styrylquinoline that is trans-2-styrylquinoline in which the the phenyl group has been substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group. It is an anti-angiogenic compound that exerts a dose-dependent antagonism of the cysteinyl leukotriene pathway, preferentially antagonising cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1. The major species at pH 7.3 quininib: has antiangiogenic activity; structure in first source | phenols; styrylquinoline | angiogenesis inhibitor |