Target type: biologicalprocess
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroxine stimulus. [GOC:sjw, PMID:9916872]
Thyroxine (T4), the main hormone produced by the thyroid gland, plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development. Its effects are mediated through its active form, triiodothyronine (T3). The response to thyroxine involves a complex cascade of events starting with the binding of T4 to its receptor, thyroid hormone receptor (THR), which is a nuclear receptor.
Upon binding, the THR undergoes conformational changes, dimerizes with a retinoid X receptor (RXR), and binds to specific DNA sequences called thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) located in the regulatory regions of target genes.
This binding event triggers a cascade of events, including the recruitment of coactivators and corepressors, leading to changes in chromatin structure and ultimately, the regulation of gene expression.
The response to thyroxine encompasses a wide range of cellular and physiological processes, including:
* **Increased basal metabolic rate:** T3 stimulates the expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, leading to increased energy production and heat generation.
* **Growth and development:** T3 promotes growth and development in various tissues, including the brain, bones, and muscles, by influencing gene expression involved in cell proliferation and differentiation.
* **Cardiovascular function:** T3 regulates heart rate and contractility, contributing to normal cardiovascular function.
* **Brain function:** T3 is essential for normal brain development and function, influencing synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory.
* **Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism:** T3 regulates lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, affecting glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and lipid breakdown.
The response to thyroxine is precisely regulated by a feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland. The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release T4. When circulating T4 levels increase, they suppress TSH production, thus regulating the production of T4.
Disruptions in the response to thyroxine can lead to various disorders, including hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone levels) and hyperthyroidism (high thyroid hormone levels). These conditions can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the severity of the hormonal imbalance.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulation factor VII | A coagulation factor VII that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P08709] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| niacinamide | nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor |
| benzamide | benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides. | benzamides | |
| benzamidine | benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group. benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd | benzenes; carboxamidine | serine protease inhibitor |
| diazoxide | diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies. Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group. | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent |
| isocarbostyril | isoquinolinone : An isoquinoline containing one or more oxo groups. | isoquinolines | |
| dichlorobenzyl alcohol | 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by chlorines. | benzyl alcohols; dichlorobenzene | antiseptic drug |
| mifepristone | Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME. | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound | abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| 1-aminoisoquinoline | |||
| 5-chloroindole-2-carboxylate | 5-chloroindole-2-carboxylate: N-methyl-D-aspartate glycine site antagonist | indolyl carboxylic acid | |
| 5-chloroindole | 5-chloroindole: a positive allosteric modulator of the 5-HT3 receptor | ||
| melagatran | azetidines; carboxamidine; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor | |
| razaxaban | razaxaban: structure in first source | ||
| trichostatin a | trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES | antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin | bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector |
| arachidonic acid | arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid. icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14. | icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid | Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| palmitoleic acid | hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | hexadec-9-enoic acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite |
| oleic acid | oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry. Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed) | octadec-9-enoic acid | antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent |
| eicosapentaenoic acid | all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17. icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds. | icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid | anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| linoleic acid | linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry. Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed) | octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite |
| 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid | 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14. | fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid | fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical |
| gamma-linolenic acid | gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12. gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| alpha-linolenic acid | linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid. linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins. | linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid | micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| ginkgolic acid | hydroxybenzoic acid | ||
| 11,14,17-eicosatrienoate | all-cis-icosa-11,14,17-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis- double bonds at positions 11, 14 and 17. | fatty acid 20:3; omega-3 fatty acid | |
| eicosa-11,14-dienoic acid, (z,z)-isomer | (11Z,14Z)-icosadienoic acid : An icosadienoic acid with double bonds at positions 11 and 14 (both Z). icosadienoic acid : A 20-carbon, polyunsaturated fatty acid having two double bonds at unspecified positions. | icosadienoic acid | metabolite |
| bms 740808 | 1-(3-aminobenzisoxazol-5'-yl)-3-trifluoromethyl-6-(2'-(3-hydroxy-N-pyrrolidinyl)methyl-(1,1')-biphen-4-yl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrazolo-(3,4-c)-pyridin-7-one: structure in first source | ||
| dpc 423 | |||
| l-873724 | L-873724: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K; structure in first source | ||
| anabaenopeptin b | anabaenopeptin B: from cyanobacteria Planktothrix (Oscillatoria) rubescens | ||
| dysinosin a | dysinosin A: structure in first source | ||
| nn 414 | NN 414: a hypoglycemic agent with insulin release modulating and potassium channel activating activities; structure in first source |