Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Cellular response to electrical stimulus is a complex process involving multiple pathways and cellular components. The process begins with the application of an electrical stimulus, which can be either an external current or a change in the membrane potential. This stimulus causes a change in the membrane potential of the cell, which can lead to the opening of ion channels and the influx or efflux of ions. The movement of ions across the membrane generates an electrical current that can propagate through the cell and activate downstream signaling pathways.
The specific response of a cell to electrical stimulus depends on the type of cell and the nature of the stimulus. For example, neurons respond to electrical stimuli by generating action potentials, which are brief, all-or-none electrical signals that travel down the axon. Muscle cells respond to electrical stimuli by contracting. Other cell types may respond to electrical stimuli by releasing hormones, altering gene expression, or changing their metabolism.
Here is a more detailed breakdown of the key steps involved in cellular response to electrical stimulus:
1. **Stimulus Application:** An electrical stimulus is applied to the cell, either externally or by a change in membrane potential.
2. **Membrane Potential Change:** The stimulus causes a change in the membrane potential of the cell. This can be either depolarization (a more positive membrane potential) or hyperpolarization (a more negative membrane potential).
3. **Ion Channel Activation:** The change in membrane potential can activate ion channels, which are proteins embedded in the cell membrane that allow ions to pass through. Different ion channels are activated by different stimuli, and they allow the passage of specific ions, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, or chloride.
4. **Ion Flux:** The opening of ion channels allows ions to move across the cell membrane, following their electrochemical gradients. This movement of ions generates an electrical current that can propagate through the cell.
5. **Signal Transduction:** The electrical current generated by ion flux can activate downstream signaling pathways. These pathways can involve the activation of enzymes, the production of second messengers, or the phosphorylation of proteins.
6. **Cellular Response:** The activation of signaling pathways leads to a variety of cellular responses, depending on the type of cell and the nature of the stimulus. These responses can include changes in gene expression, protein synthesis, cell metabolism, cell movement, or cell death.
Cellular response to electrical stimulus is a fundamental process in many biological systems, and it plays a crucial role in a wide range of physiological functions, including nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and hormone release.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 | A metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13255] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN | A phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:PD, UniProtKB:P60484] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2 | An adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P30520] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 | A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P19634] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine | |||
| ibotenic acid | Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist. | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | neurotoxin |
| 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine | 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine: weak agonist at metabotropic glutamate receptors; occludes the action of 1-aminocyclopentyl-1,3-dicarboxylate in hippocampus | hydroxybenzoic acid | |
| ethylisopropylamiloride | ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group. ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source | aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker |
| 1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid | 1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source | ||
| 4-carboxyphenylglycine | 4-carboxyphenylglycine: RN given for (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/93; glutamate receptor antagonist | alpha-amino acid | |
| aspartic acid | aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid. | aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| benzotriazole | benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring. benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid | benzotriazoles | environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| hadacidin | hadacidin : A monocarboxylic acid that is N-hydroxyglycine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It was originally isolated from cultures of Penicillium frequentans. hadacidin: inhibitor of AMP synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | aldehyde; monocarboxylic acid; N-hydroxy-alpha-amino-acid | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent |
| amiloride | amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705) | aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
| d-glutamate | D-alpha-amino acid; glutamic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite | |
| glutamic acid | glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. | glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical |
| quisqualic acid | Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis. | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | |
| amiloride hydrochloride | amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride. | hydrate | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
| 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane, (trans)-isomer | |||
| d-aspartic acid | aspartic acid; D-alpha-amino acid | mouse metabolite | |
| L-2-aminoadipic acid | L-2-aminoadipic acid : The L-enantiomer of 2-aminoadipic acid. | 2-aminoadipic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite |
| alpha-aminopimelic acid | 2-aminopimelic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is heptanedioic acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group. It is a component of the cell wall peptidoglycan of bacteria. alpha-aminopimelic acid: antagonizes glutamate-induced inhibitions of Helix neurones | amino dicarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | bacterial metabolite |
| 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane | 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer | ||
| celastrol | monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite | |
| cariporide | cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid | |||
| philanthotoxin 343 | philanthotoxin 343: structure given in first source (see article's footnote); identical to philanthotoxin 433 except that the number of methylene groups between the respective amine moieties is 3,4,3 instead of 4,3,3 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| alpha-amino-3-(hydroxy)-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleacetic acid | alpha-amino-3-(hydroxy)-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source | ||
| homocysteic acid | homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid. homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration. | homocysteic acid | NMDA receptor agonist |
| 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid | (2S)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alpha-aminobutyric acid in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group. It is a potent and selective agonist for the group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR4/6/7/8). | non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; phosphonic acids | metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist |
| eglumetad | eglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first source | L-alpha-amino acid | |
| 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine | (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine derivative that is L-alpha-phenylglycine substituted at positions 3 and 5 on the phenyl ring by hydroxy groups. | amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; resorcinols | |
| alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine | (S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a 4-carboxyphenyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is a non-selective group I/group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist. alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine: glutamate receptor antagonist | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist |
| 9-(dimethylamino)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-pyrido[1,2]thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidinone | organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound | ||
| 4-bromohomoibotenic acid, (rs)-isomer | |||
| 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine | 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw. 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist | acetylenic compound; methylpyridines | anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist |
| 4-methylglutamic acid, threo-(l)-isomer | |||
| sib 1757 | SIB 1757: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source | ||
| l-2-(carboxypropyl)glycine | |||
| 2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine | |||
| 2r,4r-4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate | pyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid | ||
| upf 596 | UPF 596: structure in first source | ||
| ly-367385 | |||
| sib 1893 | SIB 1893: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source | ||
| 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine | |||
| eniporide | eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source | ||
| zoniporide | zoniporide: inhibits sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1) | ||
| 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane, cis-(1s,3s)-isomer | |||
| ampa, (r)-isomer | |||
| 1-aminocyclopentane-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid | 1-aminocyclopentane-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid: metabolic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist; structure in first source | ||
| 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)piperidine | 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)piperidine: an excitatory amino acid antagonist | ||
| ly 341495 | xanthenes | ||
| mgs 0028 | MGS 0028: a group II mGluR agonist; structure in first source | ||
| sabiporide | sabiporide: a NHE-1 inhibitor and a cardioprotective agent; structure in first source | ||
| bay36-7620 | BAY36-7620: a potent non-competitive mGlu1 receptor antagonist with inverse agonist activity. ; structure in first source | ||
| ly 389795 | LY 389795: a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure in first source | ||
| ly 379268 | LY 379268 : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is (1R,5S)-2-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane carrying amino, carboxy, and carboxy groups at positions 4R, 4R and 6R, respectively. It is a potent agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR3 (EC50 = 2.69 nM and 4.48 nM, respectively) that exhibits antipsychotic-like action in animal models of schizophrenia. LY 379268: group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure in first source | amino dicarboxylic acid; bridged compound; organic heterobicyclic compound | antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent |
| r 214127 | R 214127: an mGlu1 receptor ligand; structure in first source | ||
| jnj16259685 | organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle | ||
| (5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl)guanidine | (5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl)guanidine: KR-32570 possesses potent cardioprotective effects in perfused rat hearts, and its effects may be mediated by inhibition of NHE-1, preservation of high-energy phosphates, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation | ||
| a 794282 | |||
| a-841720 | A-841720: structure in first source | ||
| sp 203 | 3-fluoro-5-(2-(2-(fluoromethyl)thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)benzonitrile: a radioligand for mGlu5 receptor; structure in first source | ||
| fenobam | fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate | ureas |