Page last updated: 2024-10-24

epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]

Lung morphogenesis, the intricate process of developing the respiratory system, relies heavily on epithelial tube branching. This intricate process starts with a single epithelial bud that undergoes repeated rounds of branching to create the intricate network of airways that characterize mature lungs. The branching process involves a delicate interplay of multiple signaling pathways, cellular processes, and genetic programs.

First, the initial bud undergoes a process called "budding", where the epithelial cells at the tip of the bud proliferate and differentiate into specialized cells that form a new branch. These cells are characterized by the expression of specific transcription factors and signaling molecules.

Next, the newly formed bud elongates, pushing through the surrounding mesenchyme. This elongation is driven by a complex interplay of cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis, all precisely regulated by signaling pathways.

Simultaneously, the developing branch undergoes lumen formation, creating a hollow tube that will eventually become part of the airway system. Lumen formation is orchestrated by the coordinated action of several proteins, including those responsible for cell adhesion, cell polarity, and matrix remodeling.

Finally, the newly formed branch undergoes secondary branching, giving rise to new buds that will continue to develop into smaller airways. This process repeats itself, resulting in the complex, hierarchical branching pattern of the mature lung.

This entire process is tightly regulated by a network of signaling pathways. Key among these are the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway, the Wnt pathway, the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway, and the Hedgehog pathway. These pathways interact and influence each other to control the timing, location, and direction of branching.

Mutations or dysregulation of these signaling pathways can lead to various lung developmental defects, highlighting the critical role of epithelial tube branching in lung morphogenesis. '
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Proteins (4)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Cathepsin ZA cathepsin Z that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9UBR2]Homo sapiens (human)
Catenin beta-1A catenin beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P35222]Homo sapiens (human)
Bone morphogenetic protein 4A bone morphogenetic protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNA, UniProtKB:P12644]Homo sapiens (human)
GTPase KRasA GTPase KRas that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P01116]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (24)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
benzimidazole1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.benzimidazole;
polycyclic heteroarene
bisphenol a4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro

bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.

bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.
bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
salvinsalvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
food preservative;
HIV protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
toxoflavintoxoflavin : A pyrimidotriazine that is 1,6-dimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine with oxo groups at positions 5 and 7.

toxoflavin: azapteridine antibiotic; structure
carbonyl compound;
pyrimidotriazine
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
toxin;
virulence factor;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
cercosporincercosporin : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is perylo[1,12-def][1,3]dioxepine-6,11-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 12, by methoxy groups at positions 7 and 10, and by 2-hydroxypropyl groups at positions 8 and 9 (the R,R-stereoisomer). It is a phytotoxin which was first isolated from the pathogenic soybean fungus, Cercospora kikuchii and later found in multiple members of the genus Cercospora.

cercosporin: phyytotoxin from Cercospora beticola Sacc; posses photodynamic action on mice, bacteria & plants
bms 2146627-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source

BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.
benzenes;
benzodiazepine;
imidazoles;
nitrile;
sulfonamide;
thiophenes
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
LSM-42773aromatic ketone
etodolac, (-)-isomer(R)-etodolac : The R-enantiomer of etodolac. It is inactive, in contrast to the enantiomer, (S)-etodolac, which is a preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory. The racemate is commonly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain.etodolac
manumycinmanumycin A : A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.

manumycin: an NSAID; RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3(2E,4E,6S*),5alpha,5(1E,3E,5E),6alpha))-isomer; a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor; from Streptomyces parvulus; MF C31-H38-N2-O7; structure given in first source
enamide;
epoxide;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
polyketide;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary alcohol
antiatherosclerotic agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor;
marine metabolite
odanacatibodanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source
ucn 1028 ccalphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides
dorsomorphindorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.

dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor
aromatic ether;
piperidines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
pyridines
bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist;
EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
sch 54292SCH 54292: structure in first source
ldn 193189LDN 193189: inhibits bone morphogenetic protein signalingpyrimidines
plx4032aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide
antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-9-ethyl-2-purinecarbonitrile6-aminopurines
6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-9-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-2-purinecarbonitrile6-aminopurines
9-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-6-(ethylamino)-2-purinecarbonitrileimidazoles
grassystatin agrassystatin A: isolated from a cyanobacterium, identified as Lyngbya cf.; structure in first source
dabrafenib1,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
organofluorine compound;
sulfonamide
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
ml347ML347: an ALK2 inhibitor; structure in first source
ly3009120LY3009120 : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by methylamino, 5-{[(3,3-dimethylbutyl)carbamoyl]amino}-4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl, and methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 7, respectively. It is a potent pan RAF inhibitor which inhibits BRAF(V600E), BRAF(WT) and CRAF(WT) (IC50 = 5.8, 9.1 and 15 nM, respectively). It also inhibits RAF homo- and heterodimers and exhibits anti-cancer properties.

LY3009120: a pan-RAF inhibitor; structure in first source
aminotoluene;
aromatic amine;
biaryl;
monofluorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
B-Raf inhibitor;
necroptosis inhibitor
ARS-1620ARS-1620 : A qinazoline derivative carrying chloro and fluoro substituents at positions 6 and 8 respectively, a 2-fluoro-6-hydroxyphenyl group at position 7, and a 4-(prop-2-enoyl)piperazin-1-yl group at position 4. A potent, selective, and orally bioavailable covalent KRAS-G12C inhibitor, it inhibits the protein coding gene KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus) with high potency in cells and animals.

ARS-1620: covalent S-IIP G12C inhibitor for targeting of KRAS G12C mutant tumors
quinazolinesantineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
inhibitor
sotorasibsotorasib : A pyridopyrimidine that is pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one substituted by 4-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl, (2S)-2-methyl-4-(prop-2-enoyl)piperazin-1-yl, fluoro and 2-fluoro-6-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 1, 4, 6 and 7, respectively. It is approved for the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer having KRAS(G12C) mutations.

sotorasib: a KRAS(G12C) inhibitor
acrylamides;
methylpyridines;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
phenols;
pyridopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide
antineoplastic agent