negative regulation of muscle hyperplasia
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hyperplasia. [GOC:mtg_muscle]
Negative regulation of muscle hyperplasia is a complex process that involves a coordinated interplay of various signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms. This process serves to restrict muscle growth and prevent excessive muscle mass accumulation. It is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis, preventing pathological hypertrophy, and ensuring proper muscle function.
Key molecular players involved in negative regulation of muscle hyperplasia include:
**1. Myostatin (MSTN):** A potent negative regulator of muscle growth, myostatin acts as a signaling molecule that inhibits muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, leading to reduced muscle fiber formation and growth. Myostatin binds to its receptor, ActRIIB, initiating a signaling cascade that ultimately suppresses the expression of genes involved in muscle growth.
**2. Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF11):** Similar to myostatin, GDF11 is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily that exhibits inhibitory effects on muscle growth. GDF11 binds to the same receptor as myostatin (ActRIIB) and activates similar downstream signaling pathways, contributing to the suppression of muscle hyperplasia.
**3. Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5 (IGFBP-5):** This protein binds to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a key regulator of muscle growth, preventing its interaction with its receptor (IGF-1R) and inhibiting the activation of downstream signaling pathways required for muscle hyperplasia.
**4. MicroRNAs (miRNAs):** These small non-coding RNAs play critical roles in regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Several miRNAs, such as miR-133a and miR-206, have been implicated in the negative regulation of muscle hyperplasia by targeting and silencing the expression of key regulators of muscle growth, including myogenic transcription factors.
**5. Cellular Stress Responses:** Muscle cells can activate stress-responsive pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the p38 MAPK pathway, in response to excessive growth stimuli or cellular stress. These pathways can lead to the activation of inhibitory signals, such as the expression of negative growth regulators, and eventually restrain muscle hyperplasia.
The precise mechanisms involved in the negative regulation of muscle hyperplasia vary depending on the specific context and the interplay of different signaling pathways and regulatory factors. However, the overall goal of this process is to prevent uncontrolled muscle growth, maintain tissue homeostasis, and protect muscle function. Understanding the intricate molecular mechanisms governing negative regulation of muscle hyperplasia has significant implications for various medical conditions, including muscle wasting diseases, regenerative medicine, and therapeutic interventions targeting muscle growth.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial | A nitric oxide synthase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P29474] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (21)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine | N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. | aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector |
| 2-amino-4-picoline | 2-amino-4-picoline: RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| 7-nitroindazole | 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure | ||
| pimagedine | aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide. pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure | guanidines; one-carbon compound | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor |
| etiron | etiron: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | ||
| s-methylisothiopseudouronium | S-methylisothiopseudouronium: inhibits nitric oxide synthase; structure in first source | ||
| alpha-aminopyridine | alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485 aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups. | ||
| 2-amino-3-methylpyridine | 2-amino-3-methylpyridine: structure in first source | ||
| 2-aminothiazoline | 2-aminothiazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source & in Negwer, 5th ed, #97 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A 1,3-thiazole that is 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2. | 1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound | |
| ng-nitroarginine methyl ester | NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension. | alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor |
| 1-aminoisoquinoline | |||
| s-methylthiocitrulline | S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group. S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source | imidothiocarbamic ester; L-arginine derivative; L-ornithine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent |
| n(g)-iminoethylornithine | L-alpha-amino acid | ||
| omega-n-methylarginine | N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent. omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase. | amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| ng-nitroarginine methyl ester | N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. | hydrochloride | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor |
| delta-n-methylarginine | N(5)-methyl-L-arginine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-arginine substituted by a methyl group at N(5)-position. | guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-4h-1,3-thiazine | 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazine: RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| nitroarginine | N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group. Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6) | guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| arl 17477 | |||
| n(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine | N(6)-acetimidoyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine in which one of the hydrogens attached to N(6) is substituted by an acetimidoyl group | L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| gw 274150 |