cell communication by electrical coupling

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels. [GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:tb]

Electrical coupling, also known as gap junction communication, is a form of cell-to-cell communication that allows for the direct transfer of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells. This transfer occurs through specialized channels called gap junctions, which are formed by the close apposition of plasma membranes from two neighboring cells. The gap junction channels are made up of protein complexes called connexons, each composed of six connexin subunits. When two connexons from adjacent cells align, they form a continuous channel that allows for the passage of molecules up to about 1.2 kDa in size.

This direct communication via electrical coupling plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including:

- **Synchronization of electrical activity:** In tissues like the heart and smooth muscle, electrical coupling ensures coordinated contraction by rapidly transmitting electrical signals between cells. This synchronizes the activity of large groups of cells, enabling efficient and coordinated muscle contraction.

- **Rapid propagation of signals:** Electrical coupling allows for the rapid spread of electrical signals throughout a tissue. This is particularly important in the nervous system, where rapid transmission of information is essential for fast reflexes and other physiological responses.

- **Metabolic coupling:** Electrical coupling allows for the exchange of small metabolites and signaling molecules between cells, contributing to the coordinated function of tissues. This can involve the transfer of nutrients, ions, and signaling molecules, promoting efficient metabolism and communication within the tissue.

- **Development and tissue organization:** Electrical coupling is crucial during embryonic development, guiding cell differentiation and tissue organization. By allowing for the exchange of signaling molecules and the synchronization of electrical activity, electrical coupling helps establish the proper structure and function of tissues.

- **Regulation of cell behavior:** Electrical coupling can influence the behavior of individual cells by transmitting signals that regulate cell division, differentiation, and migration. This allows for the coordinated response of cells within a tissue to external stimuli.

The process of electrical coupling is highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including:

- **Voltage changes:** The opening and closing of gap junction channels can be influenced by changes in membrane potential, allowing for dynamic regulation of cell-to-cell communication.

- **Calcium levels:** Intracellular calcium levels can regulate gap junction permeability, providing a mechanism for controlling the flow of molecules between cells.

- **pH changes:** Variations in pH can affect the function of gap junctions, impacting the communication between cells.

- **Post-translational modifications:** Connexins, the proteins that form gap junctions, can undergo post-translational modifications, influencing their assembly, permeability, and stability.

- **Other signaling pathways:** Various signaling pathways, such as those involving second messengers or protein kinases, can regulate the activity of gap junctions, contributing to the fine-tuning of cell-to-cell communication.

Understanding the mechanisms of electrical coupling is essential for comprehending the complex interactions between cells in various tissues and organs. It provides insights into the physiological processes that underlie tissue function and the role of cell-to-cell communication in health and disease.'
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Proteins (3)

Compounds (13)