cell surface receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathway

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]

Cell surface receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) signaling pathways are intricate cascades involved in regulating diverse cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, migration, and adhesion. These pathways are initiated by the activation of RPTPs, a family of transmembrane enzymes that possess both an extracellular domain for ligand binding and an intracellular domain with protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

RPTPs are characterized by their ability to dephosphorylate tyrosine residues on target proteins, thereby modulating their activity and downstream signaling events. Ligand binding to the extracellular domain of an RPTP triggers a conformational change that activates the intracellular catalytic domain. This activation can occur through various mechanisms, including dimerization, oligomerization, or interaction with adaptor proteins.

Upon activation, RPTPs dephosphorylate specific tyrosine residues on intracellular signaling molecules, often termed substrates. These substrates can include tyrosine kinases, adaptor proteins, transcription factors, and other signaling enzymes. Dephosphorylation by RPTPs can either activate or inhibit the activity of these substrates, depending on the specific context.

The precise signaling pathways activated by RPTPs vary considerably, depending on the specific RPTP involved, the cell type, and the extracellular stimuli. However, several common themes emerge. For example, many RPTPs participate in regulating the Ras/MAPK pathway, a crucial signaling cascade involved in cell proliferation and survival. Other RPTPs play roles in the PI3K/Akt pathway, which regulates cell growth and metabolism.

RPTP signaling pathways are tightly regulated, and dysregulation of these pathways is implicated in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders. Furthermore, RPTPs are emerging as promising therapeutic targets for a range of diseases.

In summary, cell surface receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathways are complex and essential for regulating a multitude of cellular processes. These pathways involve a coordinated interplay between receptor activation, substrate dephosphorylation, and downstream signaling events. Further research into the intricacies of RPTP signaling is crucial for understanding their role in health and disease and for developing targeted therapies.'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (15)