catecholamine metabolic process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The catecholamine metabolic process is a complex pathway responsible for the synthesis, release, and degradation of catecholamines, which are neurotransmitters that play crucial roles in various physiological functions including stress response, mood regulation, and cardiovascular control. The primary catecholamines in humans are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. The process begins with the amino acid tyrosine, which is converted to L-DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is then decarboxylated to dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. Dopamine is further converted to norepinephrine by dopamine beta-hydroxylase, and finally, norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. The synthesis of catecholamines occurs primarily in the adrenal medulla, but also in certain neurons of the central nervous system. Once synthesized, catecholamines are stored in vesicles within cells and released into the bloodstream or the synaptic cleft in response to various stimuli. After release, catecholamines exert their effects by binding to specific receptors on target cells, triggering a cascade of intracellular signaling events. The biological effects of catecholamines are diverse, including increasing heart rate and blood pressure, constricting blood vessels, stimulating glycogenolysis, and promoting alertness and arousal. The catecholamine metabolic process is tightly regulated to ensure appropriate levels of these neurotransmitters in the body. The degradation of catecholamines is catalyzed by the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO). These enzymes convert catecholamines into inactive metabolites, which are then excreted in urine. Dysregulation of the catecholamine metabolic process can lead to various medical conditions, including hypertension, anxiety, depression, and Parkinson's disease. Understanding the intricate details of the catecholamine metabolic process is essential for developing therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders.'
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Proteins (4)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A | An amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:P21398, PRO:DNx] | Bos taurus (cattle) |
| Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase | An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P20711] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Sulfotransferase 1A1 | A sulfotransferase 1A1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P50225] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Retina-specific copper amine oxidase | A retina-specific copper amine oxidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O75106] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (30)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| phenethylamine | 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position. phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016 | alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| tacrine | tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. | acridines; aromatic amine | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor |
| amoxapine | amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position. Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression. | dibenzooxazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| chelerythrine | chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae. | benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor |
| donepezil | 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine. Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. | aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent |
| moclobemide | moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression. Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties. | benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| clorgyline | clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant. Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE. | aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor |
| nitidine | nitidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym NSC 146397 refers to chloride; structure | phenanthridines | |
| protriptyline | Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation. | carbotricyclic compound | antidepressant |
| rolipram | pyrrolidin-2-ones | antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor | |
| ethinyl estradiol | 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration. Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES. | 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | xenoestrogen |
| 2-naphthol | 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2. 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent. | naphthol | antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger |
| 5-hydroxyindole | hydroxyindoles | human metabolite | |
| 3-phenylpropylamine | 3-phenylpropylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. | benzenes; phenylalkylamine; primary amino compound | |
| selegiline | Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl. | selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound | geroprotector |
| toloxatone | 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant. toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure | oxazolidinone; primary alcohol; toluenes | |
| phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide | phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide: dopamine-beta-hydroxylase substrate; structure given in first source | ||
| piritrexim | piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source | ||
| befloxatone | befloxatone: selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase A; structure in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer | ||
| sanguinarine chloride | |||
| 4-s-cysteaminylphenol | |||
| 6-hydroxybenzothiazole | |||
| 6-hydroxyindole | 6-hydroxyindole: structure in first source | ||
| 4-hydroxytoremifene | 4-hydroxytoremifene: metabolite of toremifene; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; structure in first source | ||
| 5-hydroxybenzimidazole | 5-hydroxybenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole carrying a single hydroxy substituent at position 5. 5-hydroxybenzimidazole: only base detected in cobamide cpds from methanol-grown Methanosarcina barkeri | benzimidazoles; phenols | bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; rat metabolite |
| quercetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger | |
| genistein | 7-hydroxyisoflavones | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| mofegiline | |||
| 2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole | |||
| zaprinast | zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure | triazolopyrimidines |