Page last updated: 2024-10-24

catecholamine metabolic process

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]

The catecholamine metabolic process is a complex pathway responsible for the synthesis, release, and degradation of catecholamines, which are neurotransmitters that play crucial roles in various physiological functions including stress response, mood regulation, and cardiovascular control. The primary catecholamines in humans are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. The process begins with the amino acid tyrosine, which is converted to L-DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is then decarboxylated to dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. Dopamine is further converted to norepinephrine by dopamine beta-hydroxylase, and finally, norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. The synthesis of catecholamines occurs primarily in the adrenal medulla, but also in certain neurons of the central nervous system. Once synthesized, catecholamines are stored in vesicles within cells and released into the bloodstream or the synaptic cleft in response to various stimuli. After release, catecholamines exert their effects by binding to specific receptors on target cells, triggering a cascade of intracellular signaling events. The biological effects of catecholamines are diverse, including increasing heart rate and blood pressure, constricting blood vessels, stimulating glycogenolysis, and promoting alertness and arousal. The catecholamine metabolic process is tightly regulated to ensure appropriate levels of these neurotransmitters in the body. The degradation of catecholamines is catalyzed by the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO). These enzymes convert catecholamines into inactive metabolites, which are then excreted in urine. Dysregulation of the catecholamine metabolic process can lead to various medical conditions, including hypertension, anxiety, depression, and Parkinson's disease. Understanding the intricate details of the catecholamine metabolic process is essential for developing therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders.'
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Proteins (4)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A An amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:P21398, PRO:DNx]Bos taurus (cattle)
Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylaseAn aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P20711]Homo sapiens (human)
Sulfotransferase 1A1A sulfotransferase 1A1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P50225]Homo sapiens (human)
Retina-specific copper amine oxidaseA retina-specific copper amine oxidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O75106]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (30)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
phenethylamine2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.

phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016
alkaloid;
aralkylamine;
phenylethylamine
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tacrinetacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.
acridines;
aromatic amine
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
amoxapineamoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.

Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.
dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chelerythrinechelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
donepezil2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.

donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.

Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.
aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
moclobemidemoclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.

Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.
benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
clorgylineclorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.

Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.
aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound
antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
nitidinenitidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym NSC 146397 refers to chloride; structurephenanthridines
protriptylineProtriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
roliprampyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ethinyl estradiol17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.

Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.
17-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound
xenoestrogen
2-naphthol2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.

2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd

naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.
naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
5-hydroxyindolehydroxyindoleshuman metabolite
3-phenylpropylamine3-phenylpropylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group.benzenes;
phenylalkylamine;
primary amino compound
selegilineSelegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound
geroprotector
toloxatone5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.

toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.

toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure
oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfidephenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide: dopamine-beta-hydroxylase substrate; structure given in first source
piritreximpiritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source
befloxatonebefloxatone: selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase A; structure in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer
sanguinarine chloride
4-s-cysteaminylphenol
6-hydroxybenzothiazole
6-hydroxyindole6-hydroxyindole: structure in first source
4-hydroxytoremifene4-hydroxytoremifene: metabolite of toremifene; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; structure in first source
5-hydroxybenzimidazole5-hydroxybenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole carrying a single hydroxy substituent at position 5.

5-hydroxybenzimidazole: only base detected in cobamide cpds from methanol-grown Methanosarcina barkeri
benzimidazoles;
phenols
bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
rat metabolite
quercetin7-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
genistein7-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mofegiline
2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole
zaprinastzaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structuretriazolopyrimidines