Target type: molecularfunction
Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = an acid + NADH + H+. [EC:1.2.1.3]
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity is a critical enzyme-catalyzed process involved in the oxidation of aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids, utilizing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a cofactor. This enzymatic activity plays a central role in various metabolic pathways, including the detoxification of harmful aldehydes, the biosynthesis of essential molecules like fatty acids and steroids, and the regulation of cellular redox balance. The catalytic mechanism involves the formation of a covalent intermediate between the enzyme and the aldehyde substrate, followed by the transfer of hydride ions from the aldehyde to NAD+. The resulting carboxylic acid product is then released from the enzyme, leaving NADH, the reduced form of NAD+, as a byproduct. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity exhibits broad substrate specificity, catalyzing the oxidation of a wide range of aldehydes, including those derived from lipid metabolism, alcohol consumption, and drug metabolism. The activity of this enzyme is tightly regulated by various factors, including substrate availability, cofactor concentration, and cellular redox status. Its dysregulation can lead to the accumulation of toxic aldehydes, contributing to various diseases, including alcoholic liver disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, understanding the molecular function of aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies targeting these diseases.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Retinal dehydrogenase 2 | A retinal dehydrogenase 2 that is encoded in the genome of chicken. [OMA:O93344, PRO:DNx] | Gallus gallus (chicken) |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase X, mitochondrial | An aldehyde dehydrogenase X, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P30837] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Retinal dehydrogenase 2 | A retinal dehydrogenase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O94788] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A3 | A retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P47895] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring | An aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P30838] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial | An aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P05091] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Retinal dehydrogenase 1 | An aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P00352] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4-nitrobenzaldehyde | 4-nitrobenzaldehyde : A C-nitro compound that is benzaldehyde substituted at the para-position with a nitro group. 4-nitrobenzaldehyde: RN given refers to parent cpd | benzaldehydes; C-nitro compound | |
| disulfiram | organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor | |
| perphenazine | perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10. Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. | N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| thiram | thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment. Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations. | organic disulfide | antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug |
| cystamine dihydrochloride | |||
| uvitex swn | Uvitex SWN: optical brightner from Ciba; structure | 7-aminocoumarins | fluorochrome |
| bis(1-piperidylthiocarbonyl)disulfide | bis(1-piperidylthiocarbonyl)disulfide: indicator for analysis of copper; structure | ||
| win 18446 | WIN 18446 : A carboxamide that is 1,8-diaminooctane in which a hydrogen attached to each of the amino groups has been replaced by a dichloroacetyl group. Inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a2 (ALDH1a2). Inhibits the biosynthesis of retinoic acid from retinol in neonatal and adult murine testis. It down-regulates sex related genes in zebrafish. | organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide | EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor |
| 4-(diethylamino)benzaldehyde | 4-(diethylamino)benzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying a diethylamino substituent at position 4. | aromatic amine; benzaldehydes; tertiary amino compound | EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor |
| magnolol | biphenyls | ||
| daidzin | daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic). daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase | 7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative | plant metabolite |
| ononin | 4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative | plant metabolite | |
| 7-butyl-8-[[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]methyl]-1,3-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione | piperazines | ||
| n-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide | N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide: Cardioprotective Agent; a small-molecule activator of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 that reduces ischemic damage to the heart | carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound | |
| 1-(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl-2-benzimidazolamine | sulfonamide | ||
| daidzein | 7-hydroxyisoflavones | antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite | |
| prunetin | prunetin : A hydroxyisoflavone that is genistein in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. prunetin: reduces herpes virus-1 plaque formation | 7-methoxyisoflavones; hydroxyisoflavone | anti-inflammatory agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; metabolite |
| 4'-hydroxychalcone | 4'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4'. 4'-hydroxychalcone: inhibits TNFalpha-induced NF-κB activation; structure in first source | chalcones; phenols | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent |
| 2-acetylfuranonaphthoquinone | 2-acetylfuranonaphthoquinone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source | ||
| nct-501 | NCT-501: inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1; structure in first source |