Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gold nanoparticle stimulus. [PMID:23150627]
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are engineered materials with unique physicochemical properties, including size, shape, and surface chemistry, that can elicit various biological responses. The specific mechanisms of response to AuNPs depend on their characteristics and the biological context. These mechanisms are complex and involve interactions at multiple levels:
**1. Cellular Uptake and Trafficking:**
* AuNPs can enter cells through various pathways, including endocytosis, phagocytosis, and direct membrane penetration.
* Once internalized, AuNPs are trafficked through intracellular compartments, such as endosomes and lysosomes.
* The fate of AuNPs within cells depends on factors such as size, surface coating, and cell type. Some AuNPs may accumulate in specific organelles, while others may be degraded or excreted.
**2. Interactions with Biomolecules:**
* AuNPs can interact with various biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
* These interactions can lead to changes in the structure and function of biomolecules, as well as alter cellular signaling pathways.
* For example, AuNPs can bind to proteins involved in cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation, potentially influencing cell behavior.
**3. Immune System Response:**
* AuNPs can stimulate the immune system, leading to the production of cytokines, chemokines, and other immune mediators.
* The nature of the immune response depends on factors such as the size, shape, and surface coating of AuNPs, as well as the route of administration.
* AuNPs can trigger both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, and their interactions with immune cells can be either beneficial or detrimental, depending on the context.
**4. Cellular Stress and Toxicity:**
* AuNPs can induce cellular stress, leading to oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis.
* The toxicity of AuNPs depends on factors such as their size, shape, and surface coating, as well as the duration of exposure.
* At high concentrations, AuNPs can cause significant cell death and tissue damage.
**5. Biological Applications:**
* The unique properties of AuNPs have led to their widespread applications in various biomedical fields, including drug delivery, diagnostics, and bioimaging.
* AuNPs can be functionalized with specific molecules, such as antibodies or drugs, to target specific cells or tissues.
* Their ability to interact with biomolecules and influence cellular processes has opened new possibilities for the development of innovative therapies and diagnostic tools.
Overall, the response to gold nanoparticles is a complex biological process that involves multiple levels of interaction. The outcome of these interactions depends on the specific characteristics of the nanoparticles and the biological context. Further research is ongoing to better understand the mechanisms of response to AuNPs and to develop safe and effective applications for these materials in various biomedical fields.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Myeloperoxidase | A myeloperoxidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P05164] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Tumor necrosis factor | A tumor necrosis factor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| melatonin | acetamides; tryptamines | anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger | |
| 4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide | 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide | carbohydrazide; phenols | |
| aspirin | acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity. Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5) | benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates | anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent |
| dapsone | substituted aniline; sulfone | anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug | |
| hydralazine | hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. | azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines | antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent |
| isoniazid | Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC). | carbohydrazide | antitubercular agent; drug allergen |
| mefenamic acid | mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. | aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound | analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| mesalamine | mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position. Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed) | amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| metoclopramide | metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine. Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. | benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic |
| way 151693 | |||
| nimesulide | nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups. nimesulide: structure | aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| o(6)-benzylguanine | O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity | ||
| pentoxifylline | oxopurine | ||
| 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone | 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases. | methoxybenzenes | |
| rolipram | pyrrolidin-2-ones | antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor | |
| sulfasalazine | sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907) | ||
| tryptophan | tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3. Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. | erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan; tryptophan zwitterion | antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 4-aminobenzhydrazide | 4-aminobenzhydrazide: a Russian synthetic drug of acylhydrazide group; decreased uterus wt in rats; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for amino group | ||
| paroxetine | paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo. Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. | aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| bergenin | bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure | trihydroxybenzoic acid | metabolite |
| salicylhydroxamic acid | hydroxamic acid; phenols | antibacterial drug; EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor; trypanocidal drug | |
| marimastat | marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide. marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary | hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide | antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor |
| birb 796 | aromatic ether; morpholines; naphthalenes; pyrazoles; ureas | EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator | |
| 5-fluorotryptamine | 5-fluorotryptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| sb 203580 | imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide | EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent | |
| 2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline | 2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline: structure given in first source | ||
| ganoderic acid a | triterpenoid | ||
| ganoderiol f | ganoderiol F: a ganoderma triterpene from Ganoderma amboinense; structure in first source | triterpenoid | |
| 1-(phenylmethyl)benzimidazole | benzimidazoles | ||
| propylthiouracil | 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group. Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534) | pyrimidinethione | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist |
| levosulpiride | (S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively). | sulpiride | antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist |
| 2-(1-piperidinylmethyl)phenol | 2-(1-piperidinylmethyl)phenol: structure in first source | ||
| 2-[[3-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-1,3-diazinan-1-yl]methyl]phenol | aralkylamine | ||
| quercetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger | |
| apigenin | Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. | trihydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| luteolin-7-glucoside | luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum | beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone | antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| apigetrin | apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. apigetrin: structure given in first source | beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative | antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| kaempferol | 7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite | |
| 4',7-dihydroxyflavone | 4',7-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7. 4',7-dihydroxyflavone: inducer of nod gene | dihydroxyflavone | metabolite |
| (3r)-((2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl))methanone | WIN 55212-2 : A organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5-methyl-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-hi]indole substituted at position 6 by a 1-naphthylcarbonyl group. | morpholines; naphthyl ketone; organic heterotricyclic compound; synthetic cannabinoid | analgesic; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent |
| calycosin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside | calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is calycosin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position at 7 via a glycosidic linkage. calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside: from Radix Astragali | 4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative | |
| spd-304 | SPD-304: structure in first source | ||
| nifuroxazide | nifuroxazide: structure | benzoic acids | |
| N-(3-cyanophenyl)-2'-methyl-5'-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxamide | N-(3-cyanophenyl)-2'-methyl-5'-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxamide : A member of the class of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-5'-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-cyanoaniline. | 1,3,4-oxadiazoles; benzamides; biphenyls; nitrile | EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor |
| azd3241 | AZD3241: a myeloperoxidase inhibitor | ||
| ganoderic acid f | ganoderic acid F: isolated from Ganoderma lucidum; structure in first source | triterpenoid | |
| ganoderic acid c2 | ganoderic acid C2: from the fruiting body of Ganoderma; structure in first source | triterpenoid | |
| pf-06282999 | 2-(6-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)acetamide: a myeloperoxidase inhibitor for treatment of cardiovascular diseases; structure in first source | ||
| phthivazide |