Target type: biologicalprocess
The process that maintains methylated cytosine in newly synthesized DNA following DNA replication. After the establishment of novel DNA methylation marks, the newly created patterns must be faithfully transmitted by maintenance DNA methyltransferases during cell division. [PMID:11005794, PMID:20142834, PMID:26077819, PMID:34968368]
Chromosomal DNA methylation maintenance following DNA replication is a critical process that ensures the faithful propagation of epigenetic information across cell divisions. This process involves the recruitment of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) to newly replicated DNA strands, where they copy the methylation patterns from the parental strand onto the newly synthesized strand.
The process begins with the recognition of hemimethylated DNA, which contains a methylated cytosine on one strand and an unmethylated cytosine on the other. This hemimethylated DNA serves as a template for the de novo methylation of the newly synthesized strand.
DNMT1, the primary enzyme responsible for methylation maintenance, is recruited to the replication fork through its interaction with PCNA, a protein involved in DNA replication. Once at the replication fork, DNMT1 utilizes the pre-existing methylation pattern on the parental strand as a guide to methylate the corresponding cytosines on the newly synthesized strand. This ensures that the methylation pattern is copied faithfully to the daughter DNA molecule.
In addition to DNMT1, other factors contribute to methylation maintenance, including:
* **Replication fork proteins:** These proteins facilitate the access of DNMT1 to the replication fork.
* **Chromatin remodelers:** These proteins modify the chromatin structure to allow DNMT1 to access the DNA.
* **Transcription factors:** These proteins can regulate the expression of DNMT1 and other methylation-related genes.
The maintenance of methylation patterns is essential for the proper functioning of the genome. Incorrect methylation can lead to various diseases, including cancer.
The process of DNA methylation maintenance ensures that the epigenetic information encoded by DNA methylation is inherited by daughter cells. This process is essential for maintaining cell identity and for proper development and function of the organism.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 | A DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P26358] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| procainamide | procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE. | benzamides | anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker |
| vorinostat | vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME. | dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor |
| dichlone | dichlone: structure | ||
| azacitidine | 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia. Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent. | N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue | antineoplastic agent |
| epigallocatechin gallate | (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin. epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis) | flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| 5,5'-methylenedisalicylic acid | 5,5'-methylenedisalicylic acid: inhibits attachment of ribosomes to microsomal membranes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source & Merck Index, 9th ed, #5934 | ||
| s-tubercidinylhomocysteine | |||
| 6-bromo-3-(bromomethyl)-7-methyl-2,3,7-trichloro-1-octene | 6-bromo-3-(bromomethyl)-7-methyl-2,3,7-trichloro-1-octene: structure given in first source | monoterpenoid; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound | algal metabolite; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite |
| s-adenosyl-3-thiopropylamine | S-adenosyl-3-thiopropylamine : A thioadenosine that is adenosine in which the hydroxy group at C-5' is replaced by a 3-aminopropyl group. S-adenosyl-3-thiopropylamine: decarboxylated S-adenosylhomocysteine; RN given refers to parent cpd | organic sulfide; primary amino compound; thioadenosine | |
| n(4)-adenosyl-n(4)-methyl-2,4-diaminobutanoic acid | |||
| nsc 401077 | NSC 401077: inhibits DNA methyltransferase DNMT1; structure in first source | ||
| s-adenosylhomocysteine | S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine. S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions. | adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide | cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite |
| decitabine | 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | ||
| rg108 | RG108: DNA methyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source | indolyl carboxylic acid | |
| genistein | 7-hydroxyisoflavones | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| psammaplin a | psammaplin A: isolated from marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in second source | ||
| sgi-1027 | SGI-1027: inhibits DNA methyltransferase 1; structure in first source | ||
| bix 01294 | piperidines | ||
| unc 0638 | UNC 0638: inhibits lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP; structure in first source | quinazolines | |
| gsk343 | GSK343 : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1-isopropyl-1H-indazole-4-carboxamide in which the nitrogen of the carboxamide group is substituted by a (6-methyl-2-oxo-4-propyl-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl group and in which the indazole ring is substituted at position 6 by a 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-4-yl group. A highly potent and selective EZH2 inhibitor (IC50 = 4 nM). GSK343: an EZH2 methyltransferase inhibitor | aminopyridine; indazoles; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyridone; secondary carboxamide | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.1.1.43 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) inhibitor |
| 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-n-(5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)quinazolin-4-amine | 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-N-(5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)quinazolin-4-amine: a SETD8 inhibitor; structure in first source |