positive regulation of G2/MI transition of meiotic cell cycle
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any signaling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to MI phase of the meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:vw, PMID:25492408]
The G2/M transition, a critical checkpoint in the meiotic cell cycle, marks the transition from the second gap phase (G2) to the mitotic phase (M). This process involves a complex interplay of regulatory mechanisms that ensure the faithful duplication of chromosomes and the proper segregation of sister chromatids.
Positive regulation of the G2/M transition involves the activation of key molecular players, notably cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their regulatory subunits, cyclins. In particular, the CDK1/cyclin B complex, also known as maturation promoting factor (MPF), plays a pivotal role in driving the G2/M transition.
The accumulation of cyclin B during G2 phase is crucial for the activation of MPF. Once sufficient cyclin B levels are reached, the CDK1/cyclin B complex becomes active and phosphorylates a plethora of target proteins involved in chromatin condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, and microtubule organization.
The activation of MPF is further regulated by the inhibitory phosphorylation of CDK1 by Wee1 and Myt1 kinases. These kinases ensure that the G2/M transition occurs only when the cell is fully prepared for mitosis. Counteracting the inhibitory phosphorylation, Cdc25 phosphatases remove inhibitory phosphates from CDK1, leading to its activation.
The G2/M transition is also influenced by various signaling pathways that respond to environmental cues and cell cycle status. For example, the DNA damage response pathway can halt the cell cycle progression at G2 by inhibiting the activation of MPF, preventing the entry into mitosis until DNA damage is repaired. Similarly, the spindle assembly checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle microtubules before the cell proceeds to anaphase and ultimately completes the cell cycle.
Overall, the positive regulation of the G2/M transition in the meiotic cell cycle involves a precise balance of activating and inhibitory signals. These signals fine-tune the activation of MPF, ensuring that the cell enters mitosis only when all the necessary conditions are met, guaranteeing accurate chromosome segregation and the formation of healthy gametes.'
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Proteins (3)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| M-phase inducer phosphatase 3 | An M-phase inducer phosphatase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P30307] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| M-phase inducer phosphatase 2 | An M-phase inducer phosphatase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P30305] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| M-phase inducer phosphatase 1 | An M-phase inducer phosphatase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P30304] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (33)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone | |||
| 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone | 2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis. | 1,4-naphthoquinones | |
| miltefosine | miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine. miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin | phosphocholines; phospholipid | anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor |
| 1-(2-naphthalenyl)-3-[(phenylmethyl)-propan-2-ylamino]-1-propanone | ZM39923: structure in first source | naphthalenes | |
| juglone | juglone : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities. juglone: structure | hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone | geroprotector; herbicide; reactive oxygen species generator |
| lapachol | lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae. | ||
| beta-lapachone | beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities. beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase | benzochromenone; orthoquinones | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite |
| vitamin k 3 | Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo. | 1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical |
| quinone | 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene. benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included). | 1,4-benzoquinones | cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 9,10-anthraquinone | 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls. | anthraquinone | |
| 1-naphthylphenylamine | N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine: RN given refers to 1-naphthylamine cpd; structure | naphthalenes | |
| 1,4-naphthoquinone | 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties. naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene. | 1,4-naphthoquinones | |
| yohimbine | yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina. Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION. | methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| naphthazarin | naphthazarin : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 8 are replaced by hydroxy groups. naphthazarin: fish toxin; isolated for first time from the walnut onigurmi, Juglans mandshurica maxim var. Sieboldiana Makino; structure | hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone | acaricide; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; plant metabolite |
| plumbagin | plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively. plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator | hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols | anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite |
| oleanolic acid | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | plant metabolite | |
| 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone | 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone : A naphthoquinone that is naphthalene-1,4-dione substituted by a methoxy group at position 2. It has been isolated from the roots of Rubia yunnanensis. 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone: isolated from Swertia calycina; structure in first source | 1,4-naphthoquinones; enol ether | antimicrobial agent; metabolite; plant metabolite |
| buparvaquone | buparvaquone: used in therapy of theileriasis; structure given in first source | ||
| illimaquinone | illimaquinone: structure given in first source; isolated from the Red Sea sponge Smenospongia; inhibits the RNase H. activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | monohydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones; prenylquinone | metabolite |
| ortho-(1-naphthoyl)benzoic acid | ortho-(1-naphthoyl)benzoic acid: structure in first source | ||
| 6,7-dichloroquinoline-5,8-dione | 6,7-dichloro-5,8-quinolinedione: structure in first source | ||
| pinocembrin | |||
| nsc 95397 | 1,4-naphthoquinones | ||
| nsc 663284 | NSC 663284: structure in first source | quinolone | |
| nsc668394 | |||
| shikonin | shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities | hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone | |
| ag-213 | tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells; | ||
| 2-[[5-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-prop-2-enyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]thio]-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone | aromatic ketone | ||
| tocopherylquinone | tocopherylquinone: RN refers to (3R-(3R*,7R*,11R*))-isomer; structure | ||
| rottlerin | rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis. rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1); | aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone | anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite |
| gw-5074 | |||
| dysidiolide | dysidiolide: inhibits the protein tyrosine phosphatase CDC25; cladocoran B is the olefinic regioisomer; structure in first source | ||
| rk 682 |