Target type: biologicalprocess
The process that results in grouping synaptic vesicles in presynaptic structures. [GOC:ans, GOC:pr, PMID:19900895, PMID:7568108]
Synaptic vesicle clustering is a fundamental process in neuronal communication, ensuring the efficient release of neurotransmitters at the synapse. This intricate process involves the coordinated action of various molecular players, including proteins, lipids, and the cytoskeleton.
**1. Initial Clustering:**
* **Synaptic vesicle proteins:** Synaptic vesicle proteins like synapsin and synaptotagmin play crucial roles in initial clustering. Synapsin binds to vesicles and links them to the cytoskeleton, while synaptotagmin interacts with calcium, mediating vesicle docking and fusion.
* **Actin filaments:** Actin filaments, a major component of the cytoskeleton, provide a scaffold for vesicle clustering. They interact with vesicle-associated proteins, contributing to their initial aggregation.
* **Lipid rafts:** Specialized membrane domains enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids, known as lipid rafts, act as platforms for vesicle clustering. They provide a concentrated environment for the assembly of vesicle-associated proteins.
**2. Maturation and Stabilization:**
* **Synaptic scaffolding proteins:** Proteins like PSD-95, GKAP, and SAP90, collectively known as scaffolding proteins, contribute to the stabilization of vesicle clusters. They interact with other proteins and regulate the organization and density of the synaptic vesicle pool.
* **Synaptic vesicle docking:** As vesicle clusters mature, they move closer to the presynaptic membrane. This docking process is facilitated by proteins like SNAREs (soluble NSF attachment protein receptors), which mediate vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane.
* **Calcium influx:** The arrival of an action potential triggers calcium influx into the presynaptic terminal. Calcium binds to synaptotagmin, triggering vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release.
**3. Dynamic Regulation:**
* **Phosphorylation:** The phosphorylation state of proteins involved in vesicle clustering dynamically regulates their function. For example, the phosphorylation of synapsin by kinases can alter its binding to vesicles, influencing cluster size and stability.
* **Endocytosis:** After neurotransmitter release, vesicles are retrieved from the plasma membrane through endocytosis. This process replenishes the pool of synaptic vesicles, maintaining the efficiency of synaptic transmission.
* **Activity-dependent plasticity:** Synaptic vesicle clustering is not static but undergoes continuous adjustments based on neuronal activity. This plasticity allows synapses to adapt and strengthen or weaken their connections in response to experience.
In summary, synaptic vesicle clustering is a dynamic and multi-step process that relies on the coordinated action of various proteins, lipids, and cytoskeletal elements. It ensures the efficient release of neurotransmitters at the synapse, facilitating neuronal communication and contributing to the complex functions of the nervous system.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| C-terminal-binding protein 1 | A C-terminal-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13363] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Catenin beta-1 | A catenin beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P35222] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4-aminophenol | 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group. 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd | aminophenol | allergen; metabolite |
| 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid | 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from L-methionine via the action of methionine transaminase. | omega-(methylthio)-2-oxocarboxylic acid | |
| clofazimine | clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients. Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619) | monochlorobenzenes; phenazines | dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| gentian violet | crystal violet cation : An iminium ion that is malachite green cation in which the hydrogen at the para- psition of the monosubstituted phenyl group is replaced by a dimethylamino group. | iminium ion | antibacterial agent; antifungal agent |
| 2,2',3,3',4,4'-hexahydroxy-1,1'-biphenyl-6,6'-dimethanol dimethyl ether | 2,2',3,3',4,4'-hexahydroxy-1,1'-biphenyl-6,6'-dimethanol dimethyl ether: potent inhibitor of protein kinase C; structure given in first source | tannin | |
| staurosporine aglycone | staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor | ||
| 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium | 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium : An organic cation that is phenothiazin-5-ium substituted by dimethylamino groups at positions 3 and 7. The chloride salt is the histological dye 'methylene blue'. | organic cation | |
| nifedipine | Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. | C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent |
| imatinib | aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| nad | NAD | geroprotector | |
| p-dimethylaminoazobenzene | p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed) | azobenzenes | |
| disperse red 9 | |||
| diiodotyrosine | 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety. Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). | diiodotyrosine; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| carmine | Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker. | ||
| 7-hydroxychlorpromazine | 7-hydroxychlorpromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd | phenothiazines | |
| diacerein | diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase; | anthraquinone | |
| 2,3,4-trichlorophenol | 2,3,4-trichlorophenol: structure in first source | ||
| N-(3-methyl-1,1-dioxo-1,4-thiazinan-4-yl)-1-(5-nitro-2-furanyl)methanimine | C-nitro compound; furans | ||
| 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine | T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor | ||
| sudan black b | Sudan black B : A member of the class of perimidines that is 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine carrying a [4-(phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl]diazenyl substituent at position 6. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections and for staining of protein bound lipids in paraffin sections. | azobenzenes; bis(azo) compound; perimidines | histological dye |
| salvin | salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae) | abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid | angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| toxoflavin | toxoflavin : A pyrimidotriazine that is 1,6-dimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine with oxo groups at positions 5 and 7. toxoflavin: azapteridine antibiotic; structure | carbonyl compound; pyrimidotriazine | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; toxin; virulence factor; Wnt signalling inhibitor |
| dabi | DABI: structure | ||
| bithionol sulfoxide | bithionol sulfoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | ||
| 4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate | 4-methylumbelliferyl butyate : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-methylumbelliferone in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a butyryl group. 4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate: substrate from butyrate esterase | butyrate ester; coumarins | chromogenic compound |
| fluazinam | fluazinam : A member of the class of aminopyridines that is 2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A fungicide used to control grey mould, downy mildew and other fungal pathogens. fluazinam: structure given in first source | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aminopyridine; C-nitro compound; chloropyridine; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound | allergen; antifungal agrochemical; apoptosis inducer; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| bnps-skatole | BNPS-skatole : A bromoindole that is 3H-indole in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by an (o-nitrophenyl)sulfanyl group and in which the hydrogens at position 3 have been replaced by a bromine and a methyl group. It is used particularly for the selective cleavage of tryptophanyl peptide bonds (cleavage occurs at peptide bonds after amino acids with available C(gamma)=C(delta) double bonds such as tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine). | aryl sulfide; bromoindole; C-nitro compound | reagent |
| 6-hydroxydopa | 6-hydroxydopa: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | |
| c 1303 | C 1303: DNa-binding drug; structure given indicates that the cpd should be the dimethylamino cpd, but it is named as the diethylamino cpd | ||
| 6,11-dioxo-12-naphtho[2,3-b]indolizinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester | naphthalenes | ||
| cercosporin | cercosporin : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is perylo[1,12-def][1,3]dioxepine-6,11-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 12, by methoxy groups at positions 7 and 10, and by 2-hydroxypropyl groups at positions 8 and 9 (the R,R-stereoisomer). It is a phytotoxin which was first isolated from the pathogenic soybean fungus, Cercospora kikuchii and later found in multiple members of the genus Cercospora. cercosporin: phyytotoxin from Cercospora beticola Sacc; posses photodynamic action on mice, bacteria & plants | ||
| LSM-42773 | aromatic ketone | ||
| pirarubicin hydrochloride | anthracycline | ||
| etodolac, (-)-isomer | (R)-etodolac : The R-enantiomer of etodolac. It is inactive, in contrast to the enantiomer, (S)-etodolac, which is a preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory. The racemate is commonly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. | etodolac | |
| L-histidine 2-naphthylamide | L-histidine 2-naphthylamide : An L-histidine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-histidine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine. | amino acid amide; L-histidine derivative; N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide | chromogenic compound |
| 2-(4-hydroxyanilino)-1,4-naphthoquinone | 2-(4-hydroxyanilino)-1,4-naphthoquinone: structure in first source | ||
| 2-oxo-N-(2-thiazolyl)-1H-pyridine-3-carboxamide | pyridinecarboxamide | ||
| N-(3-carbamoyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)-2-pyrazinecarboxamide | primary carboxamide; pyrazines; secondary carboxamide | ||
| 8-[(2-methyl-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio]quinoline | aryl sulfide | ||
| LSM-31933 | pyridopyrimidine | ||
| 4-chloro-2-[[(1-methyl-5-phenyl-2-imidazolyl)amino]methyl]phenol | imidazoles | ||
| 4-(4-anilinoanilino)-2-quinazolinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester | quinazolines | ||
| (4-chlorophenyl)-(5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4,6-dinitro-3-benzofuranyl)methanone | aromatic ketone | ||
| 2-[[2-[[4-hydroxy-6-oxo-5-(phenylmethyl)-1H-pyrimidin-2-yl]thio]-1-oxoethyl]amino]-4-methyl-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid ethyl ester | aromatic carboxylic acid; thiazoles | ||
| N-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine | pyrazolopyrimidine | ||
| N2-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-3-pyrazolyl]benzene-1,2-diamine | pyrazoles; ring assembly | ||
| (4-chlorophenyl)-[6,7-dichloro-4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-benzofuranyl]methanone | aromatic ketone | ||
| N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(5-methyl-2-furanyl)-3-imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidinamine | benzodioxoles | ||
| benzoic acid [4-(6-amino-5-cyano-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl] ester | benzoate ester; pyranopyrazole | ||
| [1-[2-(2-methylphenoxy)ethyl]-3-indolyl]-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)methanethione | indoles | ||
| N-[4-methyl-3-(1-piperidinylsulfonyl)phenyl]-4-oxo-1-benzopyran-2-carboxamide | aromatic amide | ||
| 5-[(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)-thiophen-2-ylmethyl]-6-thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazolol | piperazines | ||
| 4-(5-methyl-1,3-dioxo-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydroisoindol-2-yl)benzoic acid 8-quinolinyl ester | amidobenzoic acid | ||
| morin | morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5. morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria) | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent |
| 2-[[6-[(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyanilino)-oxomethyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-yl]thio]acetic acid | acridines | ||
| ucn 1028 c | calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides | ||
| 5-amino-2-phenyl-3H-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-7-one | triazoles | ||
| galloflavin | galloflavin: structure in first source |