entry into host cell by a symbiont-containing vacuole

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The invasion by a symbiont of a cell of a host organism, forming a vacuole in which the symbiont resides. The vacuole membrane is formed from lipids and proteins derived from both host and symbiont. Begins when the symbiont attaches on to the host cell membrane which invaginates and deepens as the symbiont enters, and ends when the host cell membrane closes behind the newly-formed vacuole. [GOC:jl, PMID:18665841, PMID:8690024, PMID:9580555]

The entry of a symbiont-containing vacuole into a host cell is a complex and tightly regulated process that varies depending on the specific symbiosis. However, some general steps are common:

1. **Attachment:** The symbiont-containing vacuole first attaches to the host cell membrane. This attachment can be mediated by specific receptors on the host cell surface and ligands on the vacuole.

2. **Internalization:** Once attached, the vacuole is internalized into the host cell through a process called endocytosis. This process involves the invagination of the host cell membrane, surrounding the vacuole, and eventually pinching off to form a vesicle containing the vacuole.

3. **Trafficking:** The newly formed vesicle containing the symbiont-containing vacuole is transported through the host cell cytoplasm to its final destination. This trafficking often involves specific motor proteins that move along cytoskeletal filaments, allowing the vesicle to travel to the appropriate location.

4. **Fusion:** Once at its destination, the vacuole membrane can fuse with the host cell membrane, releasing the symbiont into the host cell cytoplasm. This fusion can be regulated by specific fusion proteins on both the vacuole and host cell membranes.

5. **Establishment of the Symbiotic Relationship:** Once inside the host cell, the symbiont can establish a symbiotic relationship with the host cell. This can involve various interactions, such as the exchange of nutrients and signaling molecules.

It is important to note that the specific mechanisms of entry, trafficking, and fusion can vary significantly between different symbioses. For instance, some symbionts may enter the host cell through phagocytosis, while others may enter through a process called microinjection. Additionally, the fate of the symbiont-containing vacuole can vary, with some symbionts remaining within the vacuole, while others escape into the host cell cytoplasm.'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (22)