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positive regulation of glutamate uptake involved in transmission of nerve impulse

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of L-glutamate into a neuron or glial cell. [GOC:ai]

Positive regulation of glutamate uptake is a crucial process in the transmission of nerve impulses. Glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is released from presynaptic neurons and binds to receptors on postsynaptic neurons, triggering signal transduction. After its release, glutamate must be efficiently removed from the synaptic cleft to prevent prolonged excitation and maintain proper neuronal function. This removal is primarily achieved through the process of glutamate uptake, where glutamate is transported back into presynaptic neurons or into nearby glial cells.

The process of positive regulation of glutamate uptake involves a complex interplay of molecular mechanisms that enhance the efficiency of glutamate removal. This regulation can occur at multiple levels, including:

1. **Increased expression of glutamate transporters:** The key proteins responsible for glutamate uptake are glutamate transporters, such as the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) family. Positive regulation can increase the expression of these transporters at the cell surface, leading to a higher capacity for glutamate uptake.

2. **Enhanced transporter activity:** Various factors can modulate the activity of glutamate transporters. This includes post-translational modifications like phosphorylation, which can fine-tune transporter function. Additionally, the presence of specific cofactors or molecules that interact with the transporter can influence its activity.

3. **Regulation of glutamate release:** While not directly related to glutamate uptake, processes that regulate the release of glutamate can indirectly influence the overall levels of glutamate in the synapse. For example, mechanisms that reduce glutamate release will lower the amount of glutamate available for uptake, thus indirectly reducing the demand on uptake processes.

4. **Glial cell involvement:** Astrocytes, a type of glial cell, play a crucial role in regulating glutamate uptake. They express high levels of glutamate transporters and actively remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft. Positive regulation of astrocyte function, including their ability to express and activate transporters, can contribute to enhanced glutamate uptake.

5. **Synaptic plasticity:** Glutamate uptake is dynamically regulated in response to neuronal activity, a process known as synaptic plasticity. This regulation ensures that glutamate removal is fine-tuned to match the specific needs of the synapse, adapting to changes in neuronal activity.

In summary, positive regulation of glutamate uptake is a complex and finely tuned process that is essential for maintaining proper neuronal function. It involves the coordinated regulation of transporter expression, activity, and release of glutamate, all contributing to the efficient removal of this neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft, ensuring the proper transmission of nerve impulses.'
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Proteins (1)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Integrin beta-1An integrin beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P05556]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (17)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
haloperidolhaloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.

Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)
aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
1,3-ditolylguanidine1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the braintoluenes
tirofibantirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.

Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.
L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide
anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acidarginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition systemoligopeptide
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serinearginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serineglycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: synthetic peptide from fibronectins; inhibits experimental metastasis of murine melanoma cells
d-arg-gly-asp-trparginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-tryptophan: a synthetic RGD-containing peptide
l 738167L 738167: structure in first source
cilengitideCilengitide: an alphaVbeta3 integrin antagonist that paralyzes cancer cellsoligopeptide
l 734217L 734217: fibrinogen receptor antagonist; structure given in first source
cyclopaminepiperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-phenylalanine
cyclic(arg-gly-asp-d-phe-val)
mk-0429
mocetinostatmocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).

mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer
aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
tr 14035N-(2,6-dichlorobenzoyl)-4-(2',6'-bismethoxyphenyl)phenylalanine: TR-14035 is the (L)-isomer; an antagonist of both alpha4beta1 and beta7 integrins; structure in first source
bio 1211BIO 1211: integrin alpha4beta1 inhibitor; structure in first source