spindle elongation
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle. [GOC:ai]
Spindle elongation is a crucial process during cell division, ensuring the proper segregation of chromosomes to daughter cells. It involves the coordinated movement of spindle poles, which are the ends of the microtubule-based structure that forms during mitosis and meiosis. The elongation of the spindle fibers is driven by the interplay of several factors:
* **Microtubule dynamics:** Microtubules, the building blocks of the spindle, undergo dynamic instability, meaning they alternate between phases of growth and shrinkage. During elongation, microtubules grow towards the poles, extending the spindle fibers.
* **Motor proteins:** Motor proteins, such as kinesin-5, play a key role in pushing the spindle poles apart. They bind to microtubules and move along them, generating force that pulls on the poles.
* **Chromosomal forces:** The chromosomes themselves also contribute to spindle elongation. Microtubules attach to chromosomes at their kinetochores, which are specialized structures located on the centromeres. As the chromosomes are pulled towards the poles, they exert tension on the microtubules, further stretching the spindle.
* **Cytoplasmic factors:** Various cytoplasmic factors, including proteins involved in signal transduction pathways, also contribute to the regulation and coordination of spindle elongation.
* **Cell cycle regulation:** Spindle elongation is tightly regulated by the cell cycle machinery, ensuring that it occurs at the appropriate time during mitosis or meiosis.
The precise mechanism of spindle elongation can vary depending on the cell type and stage of division. However, the general principles described above apply to most eukaryotes. The elongation process is essential for proper chromosome segregation, and any defects in spindle elongation can lead to aneuploidy, a condition in which cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes. This can have serious consequences for the cell and the organism.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Kinesin-like protein KIF11 | A kinesin-like protein KIF11 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (22)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| gossypol | Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer. | ||
| cysteine | cysteine; cysteine zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flour treatment agent; human metabolite | |
| s-methylcysteine | S-methylcysteine : A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group. S-methylcysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation | S-alkyl-L-cysteine; S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion | human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite |
| 3-tritylthio-l-alanine | benzenoid aromatic compound | ||
| s-2-aminoethyl cysteine | L-thialysine : A cysteine derivative that is the S-(2-aminoethyl) analogue of L-cysteine; reported to have cytotoxic effects. S-2-aminoethyl cysteine: inhibits protein synthesis in mammalian cells; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitor; metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| docetaxel anhydrous | docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group. Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER. | secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent |
| s-benzylcysteine | S-aryl-L-cysteine zwitterion | ||
| carbocysteine | Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group. | L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | mucolytic |
| 1-acetyl-3,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-(1h)-pyrazole | |||
| (S)-monastrol | ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate | ||
| k 858 | K 858: an Eg5 inhibitor and antineoplastic agent; structure in first source | benzenes | |
| monastrol | (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol. monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source | enoate ester; ethyl ester; phenols; racemate; thioureas | antileishmanial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor |
| ispinesib | benzamides | ||
| 3-tritylthio-l-alanine, (d)-isomer | |||
| sb 743921 | |||
| adociasulfate-2 | adociasulfate-2: inhibits kinesin ATPase; from marine sponge Haliclona (also known as Adocia) sp.; structure in first source | ||
| terpendole e | terpendole E: structure in first source | organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound | |
| ck0106023 | CK0106023: is an allosteric inhibitor of KSP motor domain ATPase with a Ki of 12 nM. Among five kinesins tested, CK0106023 was specific for KSP. In tumor-bearing mice.; structure in first source | ||
| dimethylenastron | dimethylenastron: a kinesin Eg5 inhibitor and antiproliferative agent; structure in first source | ||
| emd 534085 | EMD 534085: a kinesin-5 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| litronesib | litronesib: an Eg5 inhibitor | ||
| arry 520 | filanesib: a kinesin spindle protein inhibitor |