lipoprotein catabolic process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids. [ISBN:0198506732]
Lipoprotein catabolism is a complex and essential biological process that involves the breakdown and removal of lipoproteins from the bloodstream. Lipoproteins are particles that transport lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides, throughout the body. The catabolism of lipoproteins is crucial for maintaining lipid homeostasis, preventing atherosclerosis, and ensuring adequate delivery of lipids to tissues.
The process begins with the uptake of lipoproteins by cells, primarily in the liver and peripheral tissues. Lipoproteins are recognized and bound by specific receptors on the cell surface. The most important receptor for lipoprotein uptake is the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. LDL, also known as "bad cholesterol," is the primary carrier of cholesterol in the bloodstream.
Upon binding to the receptor, the lipoprotein is internalized by endocytosis. Inside the cell, the lipoprotein is enclosed within a vesicle, which fuses with lysosomes, the cell's digestive organelles. Lysosomal enzymes break down the lipoprotein, releasing its lipid cargo into the cytoplasm.
The cholesterol from the degraded LDL is then used for various cellular functions, including membrane synthesis, steroid hormone production, and bile acid synthesis. Excess cholesterol can also be esterified and stored within the cell or transported back into the bloodstream.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL), known as "good cholesterol," is another crucial lipoprotein involved in cholesterol transport. HDL removes cholesterol from peripheral tissues and transports it back to the liver, where it can be excreted from the body.
The catabolism of lipoproteins is tightly regulated by a complex network of enzymes, receptors, and regulatory proteins. Any disruption in this process can lead to various health problems, including atherosclerosis, heart disease, and stroke. Factors such as genetic predisposition, diet, and lifestyle can all influence lipoprotein catabolism.'
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Proteins (4)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Serine-protein kinase ATM | A serine-protein kinase ATM that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNA] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Lysosomal acid lipase/cholesteryl ester hydrolase | A lysosomal acid lipase/cholesteryl ester hydrolase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P38571] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Cathepsin D | A cathepsin D that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07339] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Low-density lipoprotein receptor | A low-density lipoprotein receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P01130] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (42)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| pd 173074 | aromatic amine; biaryl; dimethoxybenzene; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; ureas | antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist | |
| caffeine | purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine | adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic | |
| 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one | 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source | chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound | autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector |
| nafamostat | nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic | benzoic acids; guanidines | |
| 1,2-diphenylhydrazine | |||
| amprenavir | carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor | |
| schizandrin b | schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant | ||
| bila 2157 bs | BILA 2157 BS: renin inhibitor; RN given for (1S-(1R*(S*),2S*,3R*))-isomer; structure in first source | ||
| resveratrol | trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration. | resveratrol | antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| om99-2 | OM99-2: eight-residue memapsin 2 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| pl 100 | PL 100: inhibits HIV-1 protease; structure in first source | ||
| s 1033 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| thiourea | thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur. Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS. | one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas | antioxidant; chromophore |
| ku 55933 | 2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source | ||
| benzyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-fluormethylketone | cathepsin B inhibitor : A cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1). | ||
| pepstatin | pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin | pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide | bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor |
| cgk 733 | diarylmethane | ||
| ca 074 | |||
| nu 7026 | 2-(morpholin-4-yl)benzo(h)chromen-4-one: a radiosensitizing agent that inhibits DNA-dependent protein kinase; structure in first source | organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound | |
| kni 10006 | |||
| balicatib | balicatib: cathepsin K inhibitor | ||
| tasiamide b | tasiamide B: 4-amino-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentanoic acid containing peptide from the marine cyanobacterium Symploca sp.; structure in first source | ||
| calpain inhibitor iii | calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug | ||
| nu 7441 | 8-dibenzothiophen-4-yl-2-morpholin-4-yl-chromen-4-one: structure in first source | dibenzothiophenes | |
| PF-00835231 | PF-00835231 : A primary alcohol resulting from the cleavage of the phosphate group of the prodrug PF-07304814. It is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-1 and -2 main protease (3CLpro) and exhibits potent in vitro antiviral activity. | aromatic ether; indolecarboxamide; L-leucine derivative; primary alcohol; pyrrolidin-2-ones; secondary carboxamide | anticoronaviral agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor |
| ku-0060648 | dibenzothiophenes | ||
| dactolisib | dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment. dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR | imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas | antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor |
| ku 60019 | |||
| gsk188909 | GSK188909: a potent and selective non-peptidic BACE-1 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| ly2811376 | |||
| grassystatin a | grassystatin A: isolated from a cyanobacterium, identified as Lyngbya cf.; structure in first source | ||
| cp 466722 | quinazolines | ||
| (3R)-4-[2-(1H-indol-4-yl)-6-(1-methylsulfonylcyclopropyl)-4-pyrimidinyl]-3-methylmorpholine | indoles | ||
| lalistat 2 | |||
| ly2886721 | |||
| ve 821 | 3-amino-6-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source | aromatic amide | |
| torin 2 | torin 2 : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one carrying additional 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and 6-aminopyridin-3-yl substituents at positions 1 and 9 respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties. | aminopyridine; organofluorine compound; primary amino compound; pyridoquinoline | antineoplastic agent; mTOR inhibitor |
| tipranavir | tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor. tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease | sulfonamide | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| byl719 | proline derivative | ||
| cc-115 | 1-ethyl-7-(2-methyl-6-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydropyrazino(2,3-b)pyrazin-2(1H)-one: an mTOR kinase inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| vx-970 | berzosertib: an ATR kinase inhibitor | sulfonamide | |
| etp-46464 | ETP-46464: inhibits ATM and Rad3-related kinase; structure in first source |