Page last updated: 2024-10-24

hindbrain development

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=hindbrain]

Hindbrain development is a complex and intricate process that begins during embryonic development and continues throughout life. It involves the coordinated interplay of various signaling pathways, transcription factors, and cell fate determinants. The hindbrain, also known as the rhombencephalon, is the posterior part of the brainstem that gives rise to crucial structures like the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. These structures play vital roles in motor control, sensory processing, and autonomic functions.

The development of the hindbrain can be broadly categorized into two phases: neural tube patterning and regional specification. Neural tube patterning involves the establishment of the basic body plan of the hindbrain, which is characterized by the formation of eight distinct segments called rhombomeres. Rhombomeres are spatially defined units of the hindbrain that are distinguished by the expression of specific genes and the formation of unique neural circuits. The precise positioning of rhombomeres is crucial for the proper development of different hindbrain regions and their associated cranial nerves.

Regional specification involves the differentiation of individual rhombomeres into specific hindbrain regions. This process is governed by a complex interplay of signaling pathways, including Wnt, Shh, and FGF pathways, as well as transcription factors like Hox genes. These factors act in a combinatorial manner to regulate the expression of downstream target genes, which ultimately determine the fate of specific cell populations within each rhombomere.

The cerebellum, responsible for coordinating movement and balance, develops from the most posterior rhombomeres (r6 and r7). The pons, which relays signals between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, arises from rhombomeres r4 and r5. The medulla oblongata, which controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate, develops from the most anterior rhombomeres (r1-r3).

During hindbrain development, specific populations of neural progenitor cells, known as neuroepithelial cells, undergo proliferation, migration, and differentiation to give rise to diverse neuronal and glial cell types. These cells form intricate neural circuits that mediate various functions, including sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic regulation.

In summary, hindbrain development is a highly orchestrated process that involves multiple signaling pathways, transcription factors, and cell fate determinants. The proper development of the hindbrain is essential for the formation of crucial structures like the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata, which are vital for normal brain function and survival.'
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Proteins (5)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Lysine-specific demethylase 2BA lysine-specific demethylase 2B that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q8NHM5]Homo sapiens (human)
Sonic hedgehog proteinA sonic hedgehog protein that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q15465]Homo sapiens (human)
Catenin beta-1A catenin beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P35222]Homo sapiens (human)
Zinc finger protein GLI2A zinc finger protein GLI2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P10070]Homo sapiens (human)
Retinal dehydrogenase 2A retinal dehydrogenase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O94788]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (19)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
deferipronedeferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.

Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.
4-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
staurosporine aglyconestaurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor
uvitex swnUvitex SWN: optical brightner from Ciba; structure7-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
jervinejervine: teratogen from Veratrum grandiflorum; RN given refers to parent cpd(3beta,23beta)-isomer; structurepiperidines
win 18446WIN 18446 : A carboxamide that is 1,8-diaminooctane in which a hydrogen attached to each of the amino groups has been replaced by a dichloroacetyl group. Inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a2 (ALDH1a2). Inhibits the biosynthesis of retinoic acid from retinol in neonatal and adult murine testis. It down-regulates sex related genes in zebrafish.organochlorine compound;
secondary carboxamide
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
salvinsalvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
food preservative;
HIV protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
toxoflavintoxoflavin : A pyrimidotriazine that is 1,6-dimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine with oxo groups at positions 5 and 7.

toxoflavin: azapteridine antibiotic; structure
carbonyl compound;
pyrimidotriazine
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
toxin;
virulence factor;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
daidzindaidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).

daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase
7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxyisoflavone;
monosaccharide derivative
plant metabolite
cercosporincercosporin : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is perylo[1,12-def][1,3]dioxepine-6,11-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 12, by methoxy groups at positions 7 and 10, and by 2-hydroxypropyl groups at positions 8 and 9 (the R,R-stereoisomer). It is a phytotoxin which was first isolated from the pathogenic soybean fungus, Cercospora kikuchii and later found in multiple members of the genus Cercospora.

cercosporin: phyytotoxin from Cercospora beticola Sacc; posses photodynamic action on mice, bacteria & plants
cyclopaminepiperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
LSM-42773aromatic ketone
7-butyl-8-[[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]methyl]-1,3-dimethylpurine-2,6-dionepiperazines
etodolac, (-)-isomer(R)-etodolac : The R-enantiomer of etodolac. It is inactive, in contrast to the enantiomer, (S)-etodolac, which is a preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory. The racemate is commonly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain.etodolac
zerumbonezerumbone : A sesquiterpenoid and cyclic ketone that is (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene which is substituted by an oxo group at the carbon atom attached to two double bonds. It is obtained by steam distillation from a type of edible ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith, grown particularly in southeast Asia.

zerumbone: RN given for (E,E,E)-isomer; structure in first source
cyclic ketone;
sesquiterpenoid
anti-inflammatory agent;
glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor;
plant metabolite
cur 61414CUR 61414: inhibits the hedehog signaling pathway; structure in first source
ucn 1028 ccalphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides
gdc 0449HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activitybenzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfone
antineoplastic agent;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
SMO receptor antagonist;
teratogenic agent
robotnikininrobotnikinin: binds sonic hedgehog protein to block its signaling pathway; structure in first source
3-[[2-(2-pyridinyl)-6-(1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-3-yl)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]propanoic acidorganonitrogen heterocyclic compound