hindbrain development

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=hindbrain]

Hindbrain development is a complex and intricate process that begins during embryonic development and continues throughout life. It involves the coordinated interplay of various signaling pathways, transcription factors, and cell fate determinants. The hindbrain, also known as the rhombencephalon, is the posterior part of the brainstem that gives rise to crucial structures like the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. These structures play vital roles in motor control, sensory processing, and autonomic functions.

The development of the hindbrain can be broadly categorized into two phases: neural tube patterning and regional specification. Neural tube patterning involves the establishment of the basic body plan of the hindbrain, which is characterized by the formation of eight distinct segments called rhombomeres. Rhombomeres are spatially defined units of the hindbrain that are distinguished by the expression of specific genes and the formation of unique neural circuits. The precise positioning of rhombomeres is crucial for the proper development of different hindbrain regions and their associated cranial nerves.

Regional specification involves the differentiation of individual rhombomeres into specific hindbrain regions. This process is governed by a complex interplay of signaling pathways, including Wnt, Shh, and FGF pathways, as well as transcription factors like Hox genes. These factors act in a combinatorial manner to regulate the expression of downstream target genes, which ultimately determine the fate of specific cell populations within each rhombomere.

The cerebellum, responsible for coordinating movement and balance, develops from the most posterior rhombomeres (r6 and r7). The pons, which relays signals between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, arises from rhombomeres r4 and r5. The medulla oblongata, which controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate, develops from the most anterior rhombomeres (r1-r3).

During hindbrain development, specific populations of neural progenitor cells, known as neuroepithelial cells, undergo proliferation, migration, and differentiation to give rise to diverse neuronal and glial cell types. These cells form intricate neural circuits that mediate various functions, including sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic regulation.

In summary, hindbrain development is a highly orchestrated process that involves multiple signaling pathways, transcription factors, and cell fate determinants. The proper development of the hindbrain is essential for the formation of crucial structures like the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata, which are vital for normal brain function and survival.'
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Proteins (5)

Compounds (19)