Page last updated: 2024-10-24

azurophil granule

Definition

Target type: cellularcomponent

Primary lysosomal granule readily stainable with a Romanowsky stain. [GOC:jl, PMID:17152095, PMID:28717070, PMID:5914694, WIKIPEDIA:Azurophilic_granule]

Azurophil granules are lysosome-like organelles found in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. They are characterized by their dense, azurophilic staining properties, which are due to the presence of a variety of enzymes and antimicrobial proteins. The primary components of azurophil granules include:

- **Myeloperoxidase (MPO):** A heme-containing enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which are highly toxic to microbes.

- **Lysozyme:** An enzyme that breaks down peptidoglycan, a major component of bacterial cell walls.

- **Neutrophil elastase:** A serine protease that degrades extracellular matrix proteins, such as elastin, collagen, and fibronectin.

- **Cathepsin G:** A serine protease that has antimicrobial activity and also participates in the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins.

- **Proteinase 3:** A serine protease that is involved in the activation of neutrophils and has antimicrobial activity.

- **Defensins:** Small, cationic peptides that disrupt microbial membranes.

- **Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI):** A protein that binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and neutralizes its toxic effects.

- **Other antimicrobial proteins:** Such as lactoferrin, which binds iron and inhibits microbial growth, and azurocidin, which has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.

These components work together to kill and degrade invading pathogens. When neutrophils are activated, azurophil granules fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular space, forming a phagosome that engulfs the pathogen. The enzymes and antimicrobial proteins within the granules then act to destroy the pathogen.

Azurophil granules play a crucial role in the innate immune response, protecting the body from bacterial and fungal infections. Their deficiency can lead to increased susceptibility to infections.'
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Proteins (3)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Beta-hexosaminidase subunit betaA beta-hexosaminidase subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07686]Homo sapiens (human)
Beta-hexosaminidase subunit alphaA beta-hexosaminidase subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P06865]Homo sapiens (human)
MyeloperoxidaseA myeloperoxidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P05164]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (37)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
melatoninacetamides;
tryptamines
anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine.

4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide
carbohydrazide;
phenols
aspirinacetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.

acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.

Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)
benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates
anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
dapsonesubstituted aniline;
sulfone
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
hydralazinehydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.

Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.
azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
isoniazidHydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.

hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).
carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
mefenamic acidmefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.
aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound
analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
metoclopramidemetoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.

Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.
benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
nimesulidenimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.

nimesulide: structure
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
o(6)-benzylguanineO(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity
pyrimethamineMaloprim: contains above 2 cpdsaminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
tryptophantryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan;
tryptophan zwitterion
antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-aminobenzhydrazide4-aminobenzhydrazide: a Russian synthetic drug of acylhydrazide group; decreased uterus wt in rats; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for amino group
paroxetineparoxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.

Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.
aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
naphthalimidesNaphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.
salicylhydroxamic acidhydroxamic acid;
phenols
antibacterial drug;
EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug
2-acetamido-1,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-d-glucitol2-acetamido-1,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-D-glucitol: structure given in first source
5-fluorotryptamine5-fluorotryptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd
sb 203580imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
2-(2-oxolanylmethyl)benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-dioneisoquinolines
2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline: structure given in first source
propylthiouracil6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.

Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534)
pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
levosulpiride(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
2-(1-piperidinylmethyl)phenol2-(1-piperidinylmethyl)phenol: structure in first source
2-[[3-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-1,3-diazinan-1-yl]methyl]phenolaralkylamine
quercetin7-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
apigeninChamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
kaempferol7-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
4',7-dihydroxyflavone4',7-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.

4',7-dihydroxyflavone: inducer of nod gene
dihydroxyflavonemetabolite
n-acetylglucosamine thiazolineN-acetylglucosamine thiazoline: an analog of the oxazolinium bicyclic intermediate leading from N-acetylglucosamine to 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid
(3r)-((2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl))methanoneWIN 55212-2 : A organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5-methyl-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-hi]indole substituted at position 6 by a 1-naphthylcarbonyl group.morpholines;
naphthyl ketone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
synthetic cannabinoid
analgesic;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
nifuroxazidenifuroxazide: structurebenzoic acids
N-(3-cyanophenyl)-2'-methyl-5'-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxamideN-(3-cyanophenyl)-2'-methyl-5'-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxamide : A member of the class of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-5'-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-cyanoaniline.1,3,4-oxadiazoles;
benzamides;
biphenyls;
nitrile
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
azd3241AZD3241: a myeloperoxidase inhibitor
pf-062829992-(6-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)acetamide: a myeloperoxidase inhibitor for treatment of cardiovascular diseases; structure in first source
phthivazide
thiamet g