cellular response to metal ion
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Cellular response to metal ion encompasses a complex and multifaceted process involving a series of coordinated steps that allow cells to maintain homeostasis in the face of fluctuations in metal ion concentrations. These fluctuations can arise from both internal and external sources, such as metabolic processes, environmental exposure, or dietary intake. The cellular response to metal ions is crucial for ensuring proper cellular function and survival, as both deficiencies and excesses of essential metal ions can lead to various pathologies.
The process begins with the detection of metal ion fluctuations by specialized sensors located within the cell. These sensors can be proteins, nucleic acids, or small molecules that exhibit specific binding affinities for particular metal ions. Upon sensing changes in metal ion concentrations, these sensors trigger downstream signaling pathways that activate a cascade of molecular events.
One key aspect of the cellular response is the regulation of metal ion uptake and efflux. Cells possess a diverse array of transporter proteins that facilitate the movement of metal ions across cellular membranes. These transporters exhibit selectivity for specific metal ions, allowing cells to control their intracellular concentrations. When metal ion levels are elevated, cells may increase the activity of efflux pumps to expel excess ions. Conversely, when metal ion levels are low, cells may increase the activity of uptake transporters to replenish their supply.
Another crucial aspect of the cellular response is the regulation of metal ion storage and detoxification. Cells utilize specialized proteins and organelles to sequester and detoxify metal ions. For instance, metallothioneins are small, cysteine-rich proteins that bind to heavy metal ions, preventing them from interacting with other cellular components. Lysosomes and other organelles can also serve as storage compartments for metal ions, preventing their accumulation in harmful concentrations.
In addition to these homeostatic mechanisms, cells can also mount adaptive responses to metal ion stress. These responses may involve changes in gene expression, protein synthesis, and metabolic pathways to cope with the stress. For example, cells may increase the expression of antioxidant enzymes to protect against oxidative damage induced by metal ions.
The cellular response to metal ion is highly dependent on the specific metal ion involved, as well as the cellular context. Different metal ions exhibit distinct chemical properties and cellular roles, leading to diverse responses. Furthermore, the cellular response can vary depending on the cell type, developmental stage, and physiological state.
Overall, the cellular response to metal ion is a complex and tightly regulated process that ensures proper metal ion homeostasis and protects cells from the damaging effects of metal ion imbalances.'
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Proteins (3)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Toll-like receptor 9 | A Toll-like receptor 9 that is encoded in the genome of human. [] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| NAD | An NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P15559] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 | A 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P14061] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (32)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4'-bromoflavone | 4'-bromoflavone: structure in first source | ||
| beta-naphthoflavone | beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone. beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308) | extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound | aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist |
| endosulfan | endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10. Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61) | cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide | acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant |
| hydroxychloroquine | hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions. Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970) | aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug |
| beta-lapachone | beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities. beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase | benzochromenone; orthoquinones | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite |
| vitamin k 3 | Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo. | 1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical |
| masoprocol | nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) | catechols; lignan; tetrol | antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; plant metabolite |
| sulforaphane | sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen. sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L. | isothiocyanate; sulfoxide | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| estrone | Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens. | 17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| estrone 3-methyl ether | estrone 3-methyl ether: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure | ||
| acetylglycyrrhetinic acid | acetylglycyrrhetinic acid: RN given refers to (3beta,20beta)-isomer | triterpenoid | |
| c 1303 | C 1303: DNa-binding drug; structure given indicates that the cpd should be the dimethylamino cpd, but it is named as the diethylamino cpd | ||
| nsc 366140 | NSC 366140: a 9-methoxypyrazoloacridine; structure given in first source | ||
| naringenin | (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin. | (2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin | expectorant; plant metabolite |
| 2-methoxyestrone | 2-methoxyestrone : A 17-oxo steroid that is estrone in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a methoxy group. | 17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; alicyclic ketone; aromatic ether; phenolic steroid; phenols | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| isoliquiritigenin | chalcones | antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist | |
| 3-(1-adamantyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5h-(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)azepine | |||
| 5-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-3-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)indole-4,7-dione | 5-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-3-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)indole-4,7-dione: structure in first source | ||
| apigenin | Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. | trihydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| kaempferol | 7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite | |
| genistein | 7-hydroxyisoflavones | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| 7-hydroxyflavone | 7-hydroxyflavone : A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group. | hydroxyflavonoid | |
| 2'-hydroxygenistein | 2'-hydroxygenistein : A hydroxyisoflavone that is genistein substituted by an additional hydroxy group at position 2'. It has been isolated from Crotalaria lachnophora. | hydroxyisoflavone | plant metabolite |
| bisantrene | |||
| 4,3',5'-tri-o-methylpiceatannol | |||
| bvt2733 | |||
| memoquin | memoquin: structure in first source | ||
| 6-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-naphthol | 6-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-naphthol: has inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis; structure in first source | ||
| d-homoestrone | D-homoestrone: structure | ||
| dicumarol | Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases. | hydroxycoumarin | anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist |
| ethyl biscoumacetate | Ethyl Biscoumacetate: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. It has actions similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226) | hydroxycoumarin | |
| nsc 158393 | NSC 158393: structure given in first source |