Target type: biologicalprocess
The process of shaping a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue. [GOC:dph]
Heart trabecula morphogenesis is a complex developmental process that shapes the intricate structure of the ventricular chambers in the heart. It involves a tightly regulated interplay of cellular signaling, gene expression, and mechanical forces.
The process begins with the formation of a primitive heart tube, which is characterized by a thin-walled, smooth inner layer. As the heart tube grows and expands, the inner layer undergoes a series of developmental steps:
1. **Protrusion of Trabeculae:** Cells in the inner layer of the heart tube start to proliferate and migrate, forming outward projections called trabeculae. These protrusions create a sponge-like network within the ventricular chambers.
2. **Branching and Interconnection:** The trabeculae continue to grow and branch out, forming an increasingly complex network of ridges and folds. They also begin to connect with each other, creating a continuous meshwork within the ventricle.
3. **Compaction and Maturation:** As the trabeculae develop, they undergo compaction, reducing the space between them. This process results in a more robust and organized structure. The trabeculae also mature, developing specialized cell types and structures, such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and connective tissue.
4. **Ventricular Cavity Formation:** The trabeculae play a crucial role in shaping the ventricular cavity. As they grow and interweave, they define the boundaries of the chambers and create the characteristic folds and ridges of the ventricular walls.
**Molecular Mechanisms:**
- **Wnt signaling:** The Wnt signaling pathway plays a critical role in trabecula formation, promoting cell proliferation and differentiation.
- **BMP signaling:** Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is involved in regulating trabecular outgrowth and branching.
- **TGF-beta signaling:** Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling regulates trabecular compaction and maturation.
- **VEGF signaling:** Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling is crucial for the development of the vascular network within the trabeculae.
**Significance:**
Heart trabecula morphogenesis is essential for normal heart function. The trabecular network provides a large surface area for blood flow, enhances the efficiency of oxygen and nutrient exchange, and contributes to the mechanical strength and elasticity of the ventricular wall. Defects in trabecula formation can lead to heart defects, such as dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular septal defects.
**In summary,** heart trabecula morphogenesis is a complex and precisely regulated process that is critical for the development of a functional heart. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in this process is crucial for developing treatments for heart defects and other cardiovascular diseases.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 | A neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P46531] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 | A sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P21453] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
calotropin | calotropin: structure in first source | cardenolide glycoside | |
fingolimod hydrochloride | fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod). Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. | hydrochloride | immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist |
fingolimod | fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate. | aminodiol; primary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; CB1 receptor antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist |
sew2871 | SEW2871: structure in first source | oxadiazole; ring assembly | |
sphingosine 1-phosphate | sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1 sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89 | sphingoid 1-phosphate | mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
N-cyclohexyl-5-propyl-3-isoxazolecarboxamide | aromatic amide; heteroarene | ||
N,N-dicyclohexyl-5-propyl-3-isoxazolecarboxamide | aromatic amide; heteroarene | ||
fty 720p | fingolimod phosphate : A primary amino compound that is fingolimod in which one on the hydroxy groups has been converted into its dihydrogen phosphate derivative. It is the active metabolite of fingolimod. | monoalkyl phosphate; primary alcohol; primary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist |
jte 013 | JTE 013: an Edg-5 antagonist JTE-013 : A semicarbazide derivative that is semicarbazide in which the amino group at position 2 is replaced by a [1,3-dimethyl-4-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl]amino group and the amino group adjacent to the carbonyl is replaced by a (2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)amino group. It is a potent S1P2 antagonist (IC50 = 17.6 nM). | chloropyridine; pyrazolopyridine | anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; osteogenesis regulator; pro-angiogenic agent; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 antagonist |
auy 954 | AUY 954: an S1P(1) receptor agonist; structure in first source | ||
ponesimod | ponesimod: structure in first source | ||
fty 720p | |||
VPC 23019 | VPC 23019 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of O-phospho-D-serine with the amino group of m-octylaniline. An analogue of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), it is a potent antagonist for both S1P1 and S1P3 receptors. It can inhibit S1P-induced migration of thyroid cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells, and neural stem cells. VPC23019: inhibits S1P3 receptor; structure in first source | aromatic amide; D-serine derivative; organic phosphate; phosphoric ester; secondary carboxamide | sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 antagonist; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 antagonist |
gw9508 | GW9508: structure in first source | aromatic amine | |
cs-2100 | |||
cym-5442 | oxadiazole; ring assembly | ||
siponimod | siponimod: S1P receptor modulator |