Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Negative regulation of gastric acid secretion is a complex process involving multiple signaling pathways and cell types in the stomach. The primary stimulus for gastric acid secretion is the presence of food in the stomach, which triggers the release of gastrin from G cells in the gastric mucosa. Gastrin then binds to gastrin receptors on parietal cells, leading to the activation of a signaling cascade involving protein kinase C, phospholipase C, and intracellular calcium. This ultimately results in the production and secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). However, there are several mechanisms in place to prevent excessive acid secretion. These include:
* **Neural inhibition:** The vagus nerve can inhibit acid secretion by releasing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which acts on muscarinic receptors on parietal cells. Acetylcholine activates a signaling pathway that leads to the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP), which inhibits acid secretion.
* **Hormonal inhibition:** Several hormones, including somatostatin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin, can inhibit gastric acid secretion. Somatostatin is released from D cells in the gastric mucosa and directly inhibits gastrin release and parietal cell activity. CCK and secretin are released from the duodenum and jejunum in response to the presence of chyme, which is the partially digested food that moves from the stomach into the small intestine. These hormones stimulate the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas, which helps to neutralize gastric acid.
* **Local inhibition:** The presence of acid in the stomach lumen directly inhibits gastrin release and stimulates the release of prostaglandins, which are lipid mediators that also inhibit acid secretion.
In addition to these mechanisms, there are also a number of medications that can inhibit gastric acid secretion. These include proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which block the enzyme responsible for the final step in acid production, and histamine H2 receptor antagonists, which block the action of histamine, a neurotransmitter that stimulates acid secretion.
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype | A prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P43115] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| metergoline | metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7. Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy. | carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid | dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist |
| ah 6809 | 6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD | xanthones | |
| dinoprostone | prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins. | prostaglandins E | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic |
| dinoprost | Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor. | monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| butaprost | |||
| cloprostenol | Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle. | prostanoid | |
| fluprostenol | fluprostenol : An organofluorine compound that is racemic prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of its isopropyl ester prodrug, travoprost, are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. The isopropyl ester group of travoprost is hydrolysed to the biologically active free acid by esterases in the cornea. fluprostenol: synthetic prostaglandin F 2 alpha analog used as an abortifacient; RN given refers to ((1alpha(Z),2beta(1E,3R*),3alpha,5alpha)-(+-))-isomer | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha | abortifacient; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; female contraceptive drug; prostaglandin receptor agonist |
| iloprost | iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension. Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation. | carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol | platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| tg4-155 | TG4-155: an EP2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source | ||
| 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin f2alpha | 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin F2alpha: RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha,13E,15R)-isomer | ||
| mk-0524 | MK-0524: a potent orally active human prostaglandin D(2) receptor 1 antagonist; structure in first source | indolyl carboxylic acid | |
| cp533536 | CP533536: an EP2 receptor-selective prostaglandin E2 agonist that induces bone healing; structure in first source | monocarboxylic acid | |
| dg 041 | |||
| cj-042794 | aromatic ether | ||
| gw9508 | GW9508: structure in first source | aromatic amine | |
| cj-023,423 | grapiprant: a potent and selective prostaglandin EP4 receptor antagonist with antihyperalgesic properties; cyclooxygenase inhibitors | ||
| l-798106 | L-798106 : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of o-naphthalen-2-ylcinnamic acid with the sulfonamide group of 5-bromo-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide. It is a selective antagonist for the prostanoid receptor EP3, a prostaglandin receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). | aromatic ether; bromobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | prostaglandin receptor antagonist |
| cp 544326 | CP 544326: structure in first source | ||
| fevipiprant | fevipiprant: a CRTh2 antagonist; structure in first source | ||
| fr181157 | |||
| pf-04418948 | 1-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-3-(((6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)oxy)methyl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid: structure in first source | ||
| cay 10580 | 2-(3-hydroxyoctyl)-5-oxo-1-pyrrolidineheptanoic acid : A pyrrolidin-2-one substituted by 6-carboxyhexyl and 3-hydroxyoctyl groups at positions 1 and 2, respectively. It is a potent prostaglandin EP4 receptor agonist (Ki=35 nM). CAY 10580: a E-prostanoid EP4 receptor agonist | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolidin-2-ones; secondary alcohol | prostaglandin receptor agonist |
| tg6-10-1 | TG6-10-1: brain-permeant prostaglandin E receptor 2 antagonist; structure in first source |