Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. [GOC:mah]
Negative regulation of myelination is a crucial process that ensures precise control over the formation and maintenance of the myelin sheath, a fatty covering that insulates nerve fibers and facilitates efficient signal transmission in the nervous system. This intricate process involves a delicate balance of molecular interactions, ensuring that myelination is tightly regulated and occurs only when and where it is needed.
Myelination is a complex process that involves the coordinated action of multiple cell types, including oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These glial cells produce myelin, which wraps around axons, forming a multi-layered sheath.
The negative regulation of myelination is essential to prevent excessive or inappropriate myelination, which could disrupt neuronal function. Several mechanisms contribute to this regulation:
**1. Transcriptional Regulation:**
- Transcription factors play a key role in controlling the expression of genes involved in myelination. Repressor proteins bind to specific DNA sequences, preventing the transcription of genes encoding myelination-related proteins. This downregulation of gene expression limits the production of myelin components.
**2. Signaling Pathways:**
- Various signaling pathways, such as the Notch and Wnt pathways, are involved in negative regulation of myelination. These pathways activate repressor proteins or inhibit the activity of pro-myelinating factors, thereby controlling myelination timing and extent.
**3. Cell-Cell Interactions:**
- Interactions between glial cells and neurons are critical for regulating myelination. Signals from neurons, such as inhibitory factors or the absence of specific stimulatory cues, can prevent glial cells from initiating or continuing myelination.
**4. Environmental Factors:**
- External factors, such as inflammation or hypoxia, can negatively regulate myelination. These stressors can trigger signaling pathways that inhibit myelination or induce the production of factors that interfere with myelin formation.
**5. Inhibitor Molecules:**
- Specific molecules, such as myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs), act as inhibitors of myelination. These molecules are expressed by neurons or glial cells and can directly block the formation or maintenance of the myelin sheath.
**6. Degradation and Remodeling:**
- Myelin is not static and can be degraded or remodeled in response to various signals. This process involves enzymes that break down myelin components, ensuring that myelin is removed when needed and that the myelin sheath is constantly adapted to changes in neuronal activity.
The negative regulation of myelination is a tightly controlled process that is critical for the proper development and function of the nervous system. Dysregulation of this process can lead to various neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), in which the myelin sheath is damaged and destroyed, leading to impaired nerve conduction and neurological dysfunction. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the negative regulation of myelination is crucial for developing strategies to prevent and treat these diseases.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 | A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNx, UniProtKB:Q9NZJ5] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Dipeptidyl peptidase 1 | A dipeptidyl peptidase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P53634] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Tumor necrosis factor | A tumor necrosis factor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
mesalamine | mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position. Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed) | amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
way 151693 | |||
pentoxifylline | oxopurine | ||
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone | 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases. | methoxybenzenes | |
rolipram | pyrrolidin-2-ones | antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor | |
sulfasalazine | sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907) | ||
bergenin | bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure | trihydroxybenzoic acid | metabolite |
Pyrrolidine-1-carbonitrile | pyrrolidines | ||
marimastat | marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide. marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary | hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide | antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor |
e 64 | E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-) | dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion | antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor |
canertinib | monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; organofluorine compound; quinazolines | antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
birb 796 | aromatic ether; morpholines; naphthalenes; pyrazoles; ureas | EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator | |
ganoderic acid a | triterpenoid | ||
ganoderiol f | ganoderiol F: a ganoderma triterpene from Ganoderma amboinense; structure in first source | triterpenoid | |
1-(phenylmethyl)benzimidazole | benzimidazoles | ||
luteolin-7-glucoside | luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum | beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone | antioxidant; plant metabolite |
apigetrin | apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. apigetrin: structure given in first source | beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative | antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
calycosin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside | calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is calycosin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position at 7 via a glycosidic linkage. calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside: from Radix Astragali | 4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative | |
spd-304 | SPD-304: structure in first source | ||
odanacatib | odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source | ||
bibw 2992 | aromatic ether; enamide; furans; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
ganoderic acid f | ganoderic acid F: isolated from Ganoderma lucidum; structure in first source | triterpenoid | |
entrectinib | entrectinib : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole substituted by [4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzoyl]amino and 3,5-difluorobenzyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of TRKA, TRKB, TRKC, ROS1, and ALK (IC50 values of 0.1 to 1.7 nM), and used for the treatment of NTRK, ROS1 and ALK gene fusion-positive solid tumours. entrectinib: inhibits TRK, ROS1, and ALK receptor tyrosine kinases; structure in first source | benzamides; difluorobenzene; indazoles; N-methylpiperazine; oxanes; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor |
6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-9-ethyl-2-purinecarbonitrile | 6-aminopurines | ||
6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-9-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-2-purinecarbonitrile | 6-aminopurines | ||
9-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-6-(ethylamino)-2-purinecarbonitrile | imidazoles | ||
grassystatin a | grassystatin A: isolated from a cyanobacterium, identified as Lyngbya cf.; structure in first source | ||
thiopental sodium | organochlorine compound; piperazines; pyrimidines | antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
nms p937 | NMS P937: a polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
nms-p118 | NMS-P118: a PARP-1 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
gsk2656157 | biaryl; indoles; methylpyridines; organofluorine compound; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide | antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; PERK inhibitor | |
7-methyl-5-(1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetyl)-2,3-dihydro-1h-indol-5-yl)-7h-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-amine | 7-methyl-5-(1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl)-7H-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: inhibits protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK); structure in first source | ||
ganoderic acid c2 | ganoderic acid C2: from the fruiting body of Ganoderma; structure in first source | triterpenoid | |
osimertinib | osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer. osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist |
nms-e973 | NMS-E973: structure in first source |