Page last updated: 2024-10-24

neutrophil differentiation

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil. [GOC:mah]

Neutrophil differentiation is a complex process that begins in the bone marrow with the commitment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to the myeloid lineage. This commitment is driven by a cascade of transcription factors, including PU.1, GATA-1, and C/EBPα, which regulate the expression of genes specific to the myeloid lineage.

Once committed to the myeloid lineage, HSCs undergo several stages of differentiation, progressing from a multipotent progenitor cell (MPP) to a common myeloid progenitor (CMP) to a granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP) and finally to a myeloblast. During these stages, the cells acquire the ability to produce specific myeloid lineage-specific markers, such as CD34 and CD117, and begin to express genes involved in the production of granules and other neutrophil-specific components.

The myeloblast is the first identifiable committed neutrophil progenitor. These cells are characterized by their large size, high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, and the presence of primary granules, which contain enzymes such as myeloperoxidase, elastase, and cathepsin G. Myeloblasts undergo several rounds of mitosis and differentiation to become promyelocytes.

Promyelocytes are slightly smaller than myeloblasts and contain both primary and secondary granules. Secondary granules contain a variety of proteins, including lactoferrin, lysozyme, and collagenase. Promyelocytes further differentiate into myelocytes, which are smaller than promyelocytes and have a less prominent nucleus. Myelocytes are characterized by the presence of tertiary granules, which contain gelatinase and other enzymes involved in extracellular matrix degradation.

Myelocytes differentiate into metamyelocytes, which are smaller than myelocytes and have a kidney-shaped nucleus. Metamyelocytes are the last stage of neutrophil differentiation that can undergo mitosis. They continue to differentiate into band cells, which have a horseshoe-shaped nucleus. Finally, band cells differentiate into mature neutrophils, which have a segmented nucleus with two to five lobes.

Mature neutrophils are released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream where they circulate for a few hours before migrating to tissues. Neutrophils are highly specialized cells that play a critical role in the innate immune system. They are the first responders to infection and inflammation, and they are responsible for engulfing and destroying invading pathogens.

Neutrophil differentiation is a tightly regulated process that is influenced by a variety of factors, including cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines. Dysregulation of neutrophil differentiation can lead to a variety of diseases, including leukemia, neutropenia, and chronic inflammatory diseases. '
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Proteins (2)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase BAP1A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase BAP1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q92560]Homo sapiens (human)
Fatty acid synthaseA fatty acid synthase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P49327]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (31)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
lansoprazoleLansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
omeprazole5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.

omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.

Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
pantoprazolepantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.

Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.
aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
rabeprazoleRabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
methioninemethionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.

Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine;
methionine zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid
antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
3-hydroxyflavone3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source

flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.
flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
epigallocatechin gallate(-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.

epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis)
flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
epicatechin(-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.catechin;
polyphenol
antioxidant
(+)-epicatechin(+)-epicatechin : A catechin that is flavan carrying five hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 (the 2S,3S-stereoisomer).catechin;
polyphenol
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
s-adenosylhomocysteineS-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.

S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.
adenosines;
amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine derivative;
homocysteines;
organic sulfide
cofactor;
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor;
epitope;
fundamental metabolite
5'-methylthioadenosine5'-methylthioadenosine: structure

5'-S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine : Adenosine with the hydroxy group at C-5' substituted with a methylthio (methylsulfanyl) group.
thioadenosinealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
egonolegonol : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a methoxy group at position 7, a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 2 and a 3-hydroxypropyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Styrax agrestis.1-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
primary alcohol
plant metabolite
5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidinecarboxamidepyrazolopyrimidine
N-[2-(4-acetyl-1-piperazinyl)phenyl]-2-(5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylphenoxy)acetamidepiperazines
orlistatorlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.

Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.
beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative
anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
luteolin3'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone
angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
gentiseingentisein : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 7.

gentisein: isolated from the methanol extract of the herb of Hypericum annulatum; structure in first source
polyphenol;
xanthones
plant metabolite
mangostinalpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.

mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit
aromatic ether;
phenols;
xanthones
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
norathyriolnorathyriol : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7. Isolated from Garcinia mangostana and Maclura pomifera, it exhibits inhibitory activity against protein kinase C.

norathyriol: from Gentinanaceae; has vasorelaxing action on rat thoracic aorta; structure given in first source
polyphenol;
xanthones
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
cerulenincerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.

Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid amide
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid : An octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid having (10E,12Z)-configuration.octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid
gamma-mangostingamma-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antitumour activity.phenols;
xanthones
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor
beta-Mangostinxanthones
9-Hydroxycalabaxanthonexanthones
4-methylene-2-octyl-5-oxofuran-3-carboxylic acid(2R,3S)-C75 : A 4-methylidene-2-octyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid that has 2R,3S-configuration.

4-methylene-2-octyl-5-oxofuran-3-carboxylic acid: an anorectic fatty acid synthase inhibitor; structure in first source
4-methylidene-2-octyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid;
gamma-lactone
garcinone egarcinone E: has potent cytotoxic effect against hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines; structure in first sourcexanthones
omdm 169OMDM 169: has antinociceptive activity; structure in first source
gsk837149aGSK837149A: structure in first source
gsk2194069GSK2194069: a beta-ketoacyl reductase inhibitor; structure in first source
thiolactomycinthiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source
4-[[2-[(6-methyl-4-oxo-1H-pyrimidin-2-yl)thio]-1-oxoethyl]amino]benzoic acid ethyl esteramidobenzoic acid