cerebral cortex neuron differentiation

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]

Cerebral cortex neuron differentiation is a complex and tightly regulated process that involves a series of molecular events and cellular transformations. It begins with the generation of neural progenitors in the ventricular zone of the developing brain. These progenitors undergo a series of divisions, giving rise to different types of neurons and glia. The process of neuronal differentiation is characterized by the expression of specific genes that control the development of neuronal morphology, neurotransmitter identity, and functional properties. It involves:

1. **Specification:** Neural progenitors receive signals from the surrounding environment, including secreted factors and cell-cell interactions, which determine their fate and direct them to become specific types of neurons. This process is regulated by a complex interplay of transcription factors, signaling pathways, and epigenetic modifications.

2. **Cell Cycle Exit and Migration:** Progenitors exit the cell cycle and migrate from the ventricular zone to their final destination in the cortical layers. This migration is guided by radial glial fibers and is influenced by various chemoattractant and chemorepellent molecules.

3. **Morphological Differentiation:** As neurons migrate, they begin to differentiate, developing their characteristic shape, dendrites, and axons. This involves the dynamic regulation of cytoskeletal proteins, including microtubules and actin filaments, as well as the formation of specialized cellular compartments.

4. **Synaptic Formation:** Neurons form synapses, specialized junctions where they communicate with each other. Synapse formation is a complex process that involves the precise alignment of presynaptic and postsynaptic components, the assembly of neurotransmitter receptors, and the regulation of synaptic plasticity.

5. **Functional Maturation:** During functional maturation, neurons refine their synaptic connections, integrate into neural circuits, and acquire their specific functional properties. This includes the development of specific neurotransmitter systems, the formation of neuronal networks, and the integration of sensory and motor input.

6. **Myelination:** In the later stages of development, axons of cortical neurons are myelinated by oligodendrocytes, which increases the speed of neuronal signaling and contributes to the mature function of the cerebral cortex.'
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Proteins (2)

Compounds (17)