Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-nitrophenol, a nitroaromatic compound which is used in the production of dyes, leather treatment agents, fungicides and as an intermediate in the production of the insecticide parathion. [GOC:jl]
The 4-nitrophenol metabolic process is a complex pathway that involves the breakdown and detoxification of 4-nitrophenol, a toxic chemical found in various industrial wastes and pesticides. The process begins with the absorption of 4-nitrophenol into the body, either through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. Once in the body, 4-nitrophenol undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions that ultimately convert it into less toxic metabolites that can be excreted.
The first step in the metabolic process is the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by the enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1). This reaction involves the transfer of electrons from NAD(P)H to 4-nitrophenol, resulting in the reduction of the nitro group to an amino group.
The 4-aminophenol produced in this step can then be further metabolized by various pathways, including conjugation with glucuronic acid or sulfate. Glucuronidation is a common detoxification mechanism that involves the attachment of glucuronic acid to the 4-aminophenol molecule, increasing its water solubility and facilitating its excretion in urine. Sulfate conjugation involves the attachment of sulfate to the 4-aminophenol molecule, similarly increasing its water solubility and promoting excretion.
In addition to these major metabolic pathways, 4-nitrophenol can also undergo other reactions, such as oxidation by cytochrome P450 enzymes. These enzymes can convert 4-nitrophenol to various metabolites, including 4-nitrophenoxyacetic acid and 4-nitrophenyl sulfate, which can be further metabolized or excreted.
The metabolic process of 4-nitrophenol is influenced by various factors, including genetic factors, environmental exposures, and individual health status. Genetic variations in the genes encoding for enzymes involved in the metabolic process can affect the efficiency and rate of 4-nitrophenol detoxification. Exposure to certain chemicals or drugs can also induce or inhibit the activity of these enzymes, affecting the metabolism of 4-nitrophenol. Overall, the 4-nitrophenol metabolic process plays a crucial role in eliminating this toxic compound from the body and preventing its accumulation to harmful levels.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Cytochrome P450 2E1 | A cytochrome P450 2E1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P05181] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| tacrine | tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. | acridines; aromatic amine | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor |
| carbon tetrachloride | Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed) tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups. | chlorocarbon; chloromethanes | hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant |
| 3-hydroxyacetanilide | metacetamol : A derivative of phenol which has an acetamido substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group. It is a non-toxic regioisomer of paracetamol with analgesic properties, but has never been marketed as a drug. | acetamides; phenols | non-narcotic analgesic |
| phenethyl isothiocyanate | phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties. phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma | isothiocyanate | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite |
| tranylcypromine | (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine. tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine). Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311) | 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine | |
| proadifen hydrochloride | |||
| pirlindole | pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812 | carbazoles | |
| hexyl nicotinate | |||
| 6-paradol | 6-paradol: induces apoptosis; structure in first source | ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols | |
| cp-55,940 | |||
| gefitinib | aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist | |
| oky 025 | 1-carboxyheptylimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| tariquidar | benzamides | ||
| (3r)-((2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl))methanone | WIN 55212-2 : A organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5-methyl-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-hi]indole substituted at position 6 by a 1-naphthylcarbonyl group. | morpholines; naphthyl ketone; organic heterotricyclic compound; synthetic cannabinoid | analgesic; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent |
| bergamottin | bergamottin: constituent of bergamot oil; structure given in first source | furanocoumarin | metabolite |
| pai 039 | tiplaxtinin: inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 | indole-3-acetic acids | |
| orteronel | orteronel: non-steroidal 17,20-lyase inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| CB-13 | naphthalen-1-yl-(4-pentyloxynaphthalen-1-yl)methanone: has antihyperalgesic activity; structure in first source | benzophenones | |
| bibw 2992 | aromatic ether; enamide; furans; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| vx-770 | ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source | aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone | CFTR potentiator; orphan drug |
| cct 128930 | |||
| e-52862 | |||
| glpg0634 | |||
| kaf156 | ganaplacide: antimalarial | ||
| (5s,6s,9r)-5-amino-6-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5h-cyclohepta(b)pyridin-9-yl 4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridin-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate |