Page last updated: 2024-10-24

detection of biotic stimulus

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:hb]

The detection of biotic stimuli is a fundamental process in living organisms, enabling them to sense and respond to the presence of other living entities. This process encompasses a complex interplay of receptors, signaling pathways, and cellular responses, ultimately shaping organismal behavior and survival.

Here's a detailed breakdown of the biological process:

1. **Receptor Recognition:** Biotic stimuli, such as bacterial pathogens, fungal spores, or insect herbivores, possess specific molecular patterns that are recognized by specialized receptors on the surface of host cells. These receptors can be transmembrane proteins or soluble molecules that bind to the stimuli, initiating a signaling cascade.

2. **Signal Transduction:** Upon binding, the receptor undergoes a conformational change, triggering a series of intracellular signaling events. This transduction pathway can involve various components, including kinases, phosphatases, and second messengers, amplifying the initial signal and relaying it to downstream targets.

3. **Cellular Responses:** The signal transduction pathway ultimately activates specific cellular responses, tailored to the nature of the biotic stimulus. These responses can include:
- **Immune Defense:** Activation of immune cells, production of antimicrobial compounds, and the initiation of inflammatory responses to combat invading pathogens.
- **Hormonal Regulation:** Triggering the release of hormones that modulate growth, development, and defense responses.
- **Behavioral Changes:** Altering behavior patterns, such as avoidance of harmful stimuli, attraction to beneficial stimuli, or the release of alarm signals to warn other individuals.

4. **Gene Expression Regulation:** The signal transduction pathway can influence gene expression, leading to the production of proteins involved in specific responses, such as enzymes for pathogen degradation or proteins for cell wall reinforcement.

5. **Feedback Mechanisms:** The detection of biotic stimuli often involves feedback mechanisms that regulate the intensity and duration of the response. This ensures that the response is appropriate to the threat level and avoids unnecessary resource allocation.

Examples of biotic stimulus detection include:
- **Plant immunity:** Plants use specialized receptors to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), triggering defense responses like the production of antimicrobial compounds.
- **Insect herbivory:** Plants can detect the presence of insect herbivores through the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and activate defense mechanisms, such as the production of toxins or the recruitment of predatory insects.
- **Animal immune responses:** Immune cells in animals use a diverse array of receptors to recognize pathogens and initiate an adaptive immune response, involving the production of antibodies and cytotoxic T cells.

Overall, the detection of biotic stimuli is a crucial process that allows organisms to navigate a complex and ever-changing environment, ensuring their survival and adaptation to the presence of other living entities. It involves a multifaceted interplay of receptor recognition, signal transduction, and cellular responses, ultimately shaping organismal behavior and shaping the intricate web of life.'
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Proteins (3)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1A nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y239]Homo sapiens (human)
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2A nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9HC29]Homo sapiens (human)
NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 A NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q96P20]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (20)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
glyburideglyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.

Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea
anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
paclitaxelTaxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
docetaxel anhydrousdocetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.

Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
micheliolidemicheliolide: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first sourcesesquiterpene lactone
muramyl dipeptideglycopeptideimmunological adjuvant
isoliquiritigeninchalconesantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
GABA modulator;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor antagonist
3-methyl-7-pentyl-8-(2-phenylethylthio)purine-2,6-dioneoxopurine
1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxy-beta-d-glycero-hex-3-enopyran-2-ulose1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhex-3-enopyran-2-ulose: structure in first sourceanhydrohexose;
deoxyketohexose
3-methyl-7-(phenylmethyl)-8-(propan-2-ylthio)purine-2,6-dioneoxopurine
curcumincurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.

Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.
aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol
anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
1-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl-2-benzimidazolaminesulfonamide
1-(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl-2-benzimidazolaminesulfonamide
3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone: a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitor; structure in first source
1-(benzenesulfonyl)-2-benzimidazolaminesulfonamide
1-(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl-2-benzimidazolaminesulfonamide
apigeninChamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
pd 166285
mcc-950
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl-2-benzimidazolaminesulfonamide
5,6-dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl-2-benzimidazolaminesulfonamide