Target type: molecularfunction
Catalysis of the reaction: = ADP + H+ + phosphoenolpyruvate => ATP + pyruvate. [EC:2.7.1.40, RHEA:18159]
Pyruvate kinase (PK) is a key enzyme in glycolysis, catalyzing the irreversible transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, generating ATP and pyruvate. This reaction represents the final step of glycolysis, where energy stored in the form of PEP is harnessed to produce ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell. Pyruvate kinase activity is crucial for maintaining cellular energy homeostasis and fueling various metabolic processes. The enzyme exhibits a complex mechanism involving a two-step reaction. First, PEP binds to the active site of the enzyme, leading to a conformational change that facilitates the transfer of the phosphate group. Second, ADP binds to the enzyme-PEP complex, and the phosphate group is transferred to ADP, producing ATP and pyruvate. The activity of pyruvate kinase is tightly regulated by various factors, including substrate availability, allosteric effectors, and post-translational modifications. This intricate regulation ensures that glycolysis operates efficiently and responds appropriately to changing cellular needs. For instance, high levels of ATP and alanine inhibit PK activity, while fructose 1,6-bisphosphate activates it, providing a feedback loop for controlling glycolytic flux. In addition, phosphorylation of PK at specific residues can modulate its activity and cellular localization. Pyruvate kinase deficiency, a genetic disorder characterized by impaired PK activity, can lead to various health issues, including hemolytic anemia. The molecular function of pyruvate kinase is essential for cellular life, playing a pivotal role in energy production, metabolic regulation, and overall cellular homeostasis.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Pyruvate kinase PKLR | A pyruvate kinase PKLR that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P30613] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Pyruvate kinase PKM | A pyruvate kinase PKM that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P14618] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| spermidine | polyazaalkane; triamine | autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector | |
| indoprofen | indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein. Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21) | gamma-lactam; isoindoles; monocarboxylic acid | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| vitamin k 3 | Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo. | 1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical |
| nalidixic acid | 1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor | |
| serine | serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids. | L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| gliotoxin | gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi. Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent. | dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole | antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor |
| vitamin k5 | vitamin k5: RN given refers to parent cpd | naphthols | |
| fructose-1,6-diphosphate | beta-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position. | D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate | mouse metabolite |
| hematoxylin | Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink. | organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol | histological dye; plant metabolite |
| syringic acid | syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid. syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source | benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols | plant metabolite |
| 3-hydroxyflavone | 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone. | flavonols; monohydroxyflavone | |
| 5-hydroxyflavone | flavones | ||
| epicatechin | (-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration. | catechin; polyphenol | antioxidant |
| 6-hydroxyflavone | 6-hydroxyflavone: antioxidant; structure in first source | hydroxyflavonoid | |
| alkannin | alkannin: a naphthazarin used to promote wound healing, from the plant Alkanna tinctoria; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure | hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone | |
| neoeriocitrin | neoeriocitrin : A flavanone glycoside that is eriodictyol substituted by a 2-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. neoeriocitrin: protects against autophagy-inhibiting effects of okadaic acid; isolated from Drynariae rhizome; structure in first source | 4'-hydroxyflavanones; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; neohesperidoside; trihydroxyflavanone | plant metabolite |
| oxymatrine | oxysophoridine: an alkaloid isolated from Sophra alope; structure in first source | alkaloid; tertiary amine oxide | |
| tanshinone ii a | tashinone IIA: a cardiovascular agent with antineoplastic activity; isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source | abietane diterpenoid | |
| taxifolin | (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration. | taxifolin | metabolite |
| micheliolide | micheliolide: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source | sesquiterpene lactone | |
| alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate | alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position. | D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate | |
| ferulic acid | ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid. | ferulic acids | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite |
| shikonin | shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities | hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone | |
| 1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonylpiperazine | sulfonamide | ||
| 6-[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-5-thieno[3,4]pyrrolo[1,3-d]pyridazinone | organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound | ||
| N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinoline-6-sulfonamide | quinolines | ||
| alizarin red s | alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals. Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | organic sodium salt; organosulfonate salt | histological dye |
| N-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinoline-6-sulfonamide | quinolines | ||
| apigenin | Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. | trihydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside | quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source | beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antipruritic drug; bone density conservation agent; geroprotector; histamine antagonist; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite |
| fisetin | 3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite | |
| myricetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite | |
| scutellarein | scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7. scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein | tetrahydroxyflavone | metabolite |
| wogonin | wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8. wogonin: structure in first source | dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| polydatin | trans-piceid : A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. | beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; polyphenol; stilbenoid | anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; nephroprotective agent; potassium channel modulator |
| 7-hydroxyflavone | 7-hydroxyflavone : A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group. | hydroxyflavonoid | |
| (-)-catechin-3-O-gallate | (-)-catechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-catechin. | flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol | metabolite |
| N-(3-methylphenyl)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinoline-6-sulfonamide | quinolines | ||
| N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinoline-6-sulfonamide | quinolines | ||
| 1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonylpiperazine | sulfonamide | ||
| (2R)-4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl-1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine | sulfonamide | ||
| (2R)-1-(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl-4-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine | sulfonamide | ||
| (2S)-4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl-1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine | sulfonamide | ||
| (2S)-1-(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl-4-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine | sulfonamide | ||
| 4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl-1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)piperidine | benzodioxine | ||
| 1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)-4-(2-pyridinylsulfonyl)piperazine | pyridines; sulfonamide | ||
| N-[1-(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl-4-piperidinyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-sulfonamide | sulfonamide | ||
| 1-(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl-4-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)-1,4-diazepane | sulfonamide | ||
| N-[4-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonylamino]cyclohexyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-sulfonamide | sulfonamide | ||
| 1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonylpiperazine | sulfonamide | ||
| N-[[1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)-3-azetidinyl]methyl]-2,6-difluorobenzenesulfonamide | sulfonamide | ||
| N-[[1-(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl-3-azetidinyl]methyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-sulfonamide | sulfonamide | ||
| N-[1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)-3-pyrrolidinyl]-2,6-difluorobenzenesulfonamide | sulfonamide | ||
| N-[3-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonylamino]propyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-sulfonamide | sulfonamide | ||
| N-[5-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonylamino]pentyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-sulfonamide | sulfonamide | ||
| N-[6-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonylamino]hexyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-sulfonamide | sulfonamide | ||
| N-[2-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonylamino]ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-sulfonamide | sulfonamide | ||
| N-[1-(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl-3-pyrrolidinyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-sulfonamide | sulfonamide | ||
| N-[4-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonylamino]butyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-sulfonamide | sulfonamide | ||
| 3-[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-methyl-4-thieno[3,4]pyrrolo[1,3-d]pyrimidinone | pyrrolopyrimidine | ||
| 6-[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-thieno[3,4]pyrrolo[1,3-d]pyridazinone | organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound | ||
| 6-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-4-methyl-2-methylsulfinyl-5-thieno[3,4]pyrrolo[1,3-d]pyridazinone | organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound | ||
| 6-[(3-aminophenyl)methyl]-4-methyl-2-methylsulfinyl-5-thieno[3,4]pyrrolo[1,3-d]pyridazinone | ML-265: a small molecule activator of PKM2 | organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound | |
| 3-[[4-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]sulfonyl]aniline | benzenes; sulfonamide |