host cell

Definition

Target type: cellularcomponent

A cell within a host organism. Includes the host plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the host cell wall and cell envelope. [GOC:jl]

The host cell, the living cell that a virus or other microbe infects, is a complex and compartmentalized structure, with various cellular components each contributing to its overall function. These components can be broadly categorized as follows:

1. **Plasma Membrane:** This outer boundary of the cell, composed of a phospholipid bilayer, regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell. It also plays a crucial role in cell signaling and communication.

2. **Cytoplasm:** This gel-like substance fills the space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, providing a medium for the cell's organelles to function. It contains cytosol, the fluid portion, and various proteins, enzymes, and other molecules involved in cellular processes.

3. **Nucleus:** This central organelle houses the cell's genetic material, DNA, in the form of chromosomes. The nucleus is responsible for regulating gene expression and cell division.

4. **Ribosomes:** These small, complex particles composed of RNA and protein are responsible for protein synthesis. They can be found freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

5. **Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):** This network of interconnected membranes extends throughout the cytoplasm. It plays a vital role in protein synthesis, modification, and transport, lipid biosynthesis, and detoxification. The ER can be further divided into rough ER (studded with ribosomes) and smooth ER (lacking ribosomes).

6. **Golgi Apparatus:** This stack of flattened membranous sacs modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids synthesized by the ER. It also plays a role in the formation of lysosomes and secretory vesicles.

7. **Lysosomes:** These membrane-bound organelles contain digestive enzymes that break down cellular debris, worn-out organelles, and ingested materials.

8. **Mitochondria:** These double-membraned organelles are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for cellular respiration and ATP production. They also play a role in apoptosis.

9. **Peroxisomes:** These small, membrane-bound organelles contain enzymes involved in various metabolic processes, including fatty acid oxidation and detoxification.

10. **Cytoskeleton:** This intricate network of protein filaments provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and facilitates movement. It is composed of three main types of filaments: microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

11. **Centrioles:** These cylindrical structures composed of microtubules are involved in cell division, organizing microtubules during cell division to form the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes.

12. **Vacuoles:** These fluid-filled sacs are larger in plant cells and store water, nutrients, and waste products. Animal cells also have vacuoles but they are generally smaller and more numerous.

13. **Cell Wall:** This rigid outer layer, found only in plant cells, provides structural support and protection. It is composed primarily of cellulose.

These cellular components work together in a coordinated manner to carry out all the essential functions of the cell, ensuring its survival and proper functioning.'
"

Proteins (3)

Compounds (7)