Page last updated: 2024-10-24
photoreceptor outer segment membrane
Definition
Target type: cellularcomponent
The membrane surrounding the outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor. [GOC:jl]
The photoreceptor outer segment membrane is a highly specialized structure that plays a critical role in the process of phototransduction, the conversion of light energy into a neural signal. This membrane is comprised of stacked, disc-like structures that contain the photopigment rhodopsin, a light-sensitive protein that initiates the phototransduction cascade. The discs are formed by invaginations of the plasma membrane and are arranged in a tightly packed, cylindrical array within the outer segment. The outer segment membrane is rich in lipids, including phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids, which contribute to the membrane's fluidity and stability. In addition to rhodopsin, the outer segment membrane also contains other key proteins involved in phototransduction, such as transducin, phosphodiesterase, and arrestin. These proteins work together to amplify the signal initiated by rhodopsin, ultimately leading to a change in membrane potential that is transmitted to the brain as a visual signal. The outer segment membrane is constantly renewed, with new discs being added at the base of the outer segment and older discs being shed at the tip. This process of renewal is essential for maintaining the integrity and function of the photoreceptor outer segment.'
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Proteins (12)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit delta | A retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit delta that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:Q95142, PRO:DNx] | Bos taurus (cattle) |
| Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta | A rod cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:P23439, PRO:DNx] | Bos taurus (cattle) |
| Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha | A rod cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:P11541, PRO:DNx] | Bos taurus (cattle) |
| Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma | A protein that is a translation product of the PDE6G gene in cow. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P04972] | Bos taurus (cattle) |
| Rhodopsin | A rhodopsin that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:P02699, PRO:DNx] | Bos taurus (cattle) |
| N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D | An N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q6IQ20] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta | A rod cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P35913] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma | A retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P18545] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha | A rod cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P16499] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Retinal cone rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma | A retinal cone rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13956] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| PH domain leucine-rich repeat-containing protein phosphatase 2 | A PH domain leucine-rich repeat-containing protein phosphatase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q6ZVD8] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D | An N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q6IQ20] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (14)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| dipyridamole | dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots. Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752) | piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol | adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| hexachlorophene | hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union. Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797) | bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene | acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug |
| lithocholic acid | lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action. Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic. | bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| congo red | Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0. Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS. | bis(azo) compound | |
| madecassic acid | monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tetrol | antioxidant; plant metabolite | |
| tadalafil | benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent | |
| nsc 88915 | 4-pregnen-21-ol-3,20-dione-21-(4-bromobenzenesufonate): a tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| 1-amino-9,10-dioxo-4-(3-sulfamoylanilino)anthracene-2-sulfonic acid | 1-amino-9,10-dioxo-4-(3-sulfamoylanilino)anthracene-2-sulfonic acid: inhibits PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase; structure in first source | ||
| nitrocefin | nitrocefin: chromogenic cephalosporin used for detection of beta-lactamase activity; Cefinase is name for nitrocefin on paper disc; RN given refers to (6R-(3(E),6 alpha,7 beta))-isomer; structure for mono-Na salt in second source | ||
| t 1032 | T 1032: a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| sophoflavescenol | sophoflavescenol: a prenylated flavonol from the roots of Sophora flavescens; structure in first source | ||
| sildenafil | sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position. | piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| zaprinast | zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure | triazolopyrimidines | |
| vardenafil | vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine. | imidazotriazine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-sulfonylpiperazine | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |