Page last updated: 2024-10-24

photoreceptor outer segment membrane

Definition

Target type: cellularcomponent

The membrane surrounding the outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor. [GOC:jl]

The photoreceptor outer segment membrane is a highly specialized structure that plays a critical role in the process of phototransduction, the conversion of light energy into a neural signal. This membrane is comprised of stacked, disc-like structures that contain the photopigment rhodopsin, a light-sensitive protein that initiates the phototransduction cascade. The discs are formed by invaginations of the plasma membrane and are arranged in a tightly packed, cylindrical array within the outer segment. The outer segment membrane is rich in lipids, including phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids, which contribute to the membrane's fluidity and stability. In addition to rhodopsin, the outer segment membrane also contains other key proteins involved in phototransduction, such as transducin, phosphodiesterase, and arrestin. These proteins work together to amplify the signal initiated by rhodopsin, ultimately leading to a change in membrane potential that is transmitted to the brain as a visual signal. The outer segment membrane is constantly renewed, with new discs being added at the base of the outer segment and older discs being shed at the tip. This process of renewal is essential for maintaining the integrity and function of the photoreceptor outer segment.'
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Proteins (12)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit deltaA retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit delta that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:Q95142, PRO:DNx]Bos taurus (cattle)
Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit betaA rod cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:P23439, PRO:DNx]Bos taurus (cattle)
Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alphaA rod cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:P11541, PRO:DNx]Bos taurus (cattle)
Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gammaA protein that is a translation product of the PDE6G gene in cow. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P04972]Bos taurus (cattle)
RhodopsinA rhodopsin that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:P02699, PRO:DNx]Bos taurus (cattle)
N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase DAn N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q6IQ20]Homo sapiens (human)
Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit betaA rod cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P35913]Homo sapiens (human)
Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gammaA retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P18545]Homo sapiens (human)
Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alphaA rod cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P16499]Homo sapiens (human)
Retinal cone rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gammaA retinal cone rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13956]Homo sapiens (human)
PH domain leucine-rich repeat-containing protein phosphatase 2A PH domain leucine-rich repeat-containing protein phosphatase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q6ZVD8]Homo sapiens (human)
N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase DAn N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q6IQ20]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (14)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
dipyridamoledipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.

Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752)
piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol
adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
hexachlorophenehexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.

Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene
acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
lithocholic acidlithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.

lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.

Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
congo redCongo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.

Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.
bis(azo) compound
madecassic acidmonocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tetrol
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
tadalafilbenzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole
EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
nsc 889154-pregnen-21-ol-3,20-dione-21-(4-bromobenzenesufonate): a tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase inhibitor; structure in first source
1-amino-9,10-dioxo-4-(3-sulfamoylanilino)anthracene-2-sulfonic acid1-amino-9,10-dioxo-4-(3-sulfamoylanilino)anthracene-2-sulfonic acid: inhibits PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase; structure in first source
nitrocefinnitrocefin: chromogenic cephalosporin used for detection of beta-lactamase activity; Cefinase is name for nitrocefin on paper disc; RN given refers to (6R-(3(E),6 alpha,7 beta))-isomer; structure for mono-Na salt in second source
t 1032T 1032: a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor; structure in first source
sophoflavescenolsophoflavescenol: a prenylated flavonol from the roots of Sophora flavescens; structure in first source
sildenafilsildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide
EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
zaprinastzaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structuretriazolopyrimidines
vardenafilvardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent