Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a Thyroglobulin triiodothyronine stimulus. [GO_REF:0000071, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:7531505]
The biological process of response to thyroglobulin triiodothyronine (T3) is a complex interplay of cellular signaling and gene expression, ultimately leading to the regulation of thyroid hormone production and metabolism. Here's a detailed breakdown:
1. **Thyroglobulin (Tg) Synthesis and Iodination:** Thyroid follicular cells synthesize and secrete Tg, a large glycoprotein. Tg is then iodinated in the colloid space, a gel-like substance within the follicle lumen. This process involves the uptake of iodide ions (I-) by the thyroid gland and their incorporation into tyrosine residues within Tg.
2. **T3 Synthesis:** Within the follicular cells, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) catalyzes the coupling of iodinated tyrosine residues within Tg to form T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), the primary thyroid hormones.
3. **Endocytosis and Degradation:** When the thyroid gland receives the signal to release T3 and T4, Tg is endocytosed back into the follicular cells via a process involving receptors and vesicle formation. Inside the cell, lysosomes degrade Tg, releasing T3 and T4 into the circulation.
4. **T3 Signaling:** T3 binds to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) located in the nucleus of target cells throughout the body. TRs are transcription factors, meaning they regulate gene expression.
5. **Gene Regulation:** Upon T3 binding, TRs activate or repress the transcription of target genes, leading to a wide range of cellular responses. These responses include:
* **Metabolism:** T3 increases metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, and energy expenditure.
* **Growth and Development:** T3 plays a crucial role in fetal development, brain maturation, and skeletal growth.
* **Cardiovascular System:** T3 regulates heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure.
* **Nervous System:** T3 influences mood, alertness, and cognitive function.
6. **Feedback Regulation:** T3 levels in the bloodstream are tightly regulated by a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland. High levels of T3 inhibit the release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland, thereby reducing thyroid hormone production.
7. **Diseases:** Dysregulation of this intricate process can lead to thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism (low T3 and T4) and hyperthyroidism (high T3 and T4).
In summary, the response to thyroglobulin triiodothyronine is a fundamental biological process that governs thyroid hormone production, metabolism, and its wide-ranging effects on cellular function and overall physiology.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Beta-galactosidase | A eukaryotic-type beta-galactosidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P16278] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 | A solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P11166] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| gossypol | Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer. | ||
| phloretin | dihydrochalcones | antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite | |
| galactose | galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose. | D-galactose; galactopyranose | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| cytidine | cytidines | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite | |
| cycloheximide | cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. | antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| emetine | emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties. Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS. | isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline | antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| congo red | Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0. Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS. | bis(azo) compound | |
| c 137 | C 137: RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| imidocarb | Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported. | ureas | antiprotozoal drug |
| colforsin | Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. | acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol | adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist |
| iodophthalein | |||
| 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene | diarylmethane | ||
| mmv665852 | MMV665852: an antischistosomal agent | ||
| 1,3,4,10-Tetrahydro-9(2H)-acridinone | acridines | ||
| migalastat | migalastat: a potent inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis | piperidines | |
| anisomycin | (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system. Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system. | monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic | anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| isofagomine | piperidines | ||
| jp-1302 | |||
| 1,4,8-trimethyl-12-quinolino[2,3-b]quinolinamine | aminoquinoline | ||
| polysulfide rubber | |||
| 2-[2-methoxyethyl-(1-oxo-2-thiophen-2-ylethyl)amino]-N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2-(4-propan-2-ylphenyl)acetamide | monoterpenoid | ||
| kaempferol | 7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite | |
| genistein | 7-hydroxyisoflavones | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| cytochalasin b | cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments. Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS. | cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound | actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| pd 166285 | |||
| pd-173952 | |||
| glucopiericidin a | glucopiericidin A: from Streptomyces pactum S48727 as co-metabolite of piericidin A(1); structure given in first source; glycoside antibiotic | ||
| wzb117 | WZB117: structure in first source | ||
| hesperadin |