mononuclear cell differentiation

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mononuclear cell. [CL:0000842, GO_REF:0000086, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24759906]

Mononuclear cell differentiation is a complex and multifaceted process that involves the development of specialized immune cells from a common progenitor cell. It is a crucial step in the development of a functional immune system, enabling the body to mount effective responses against pathogens and other threats.

The process begins with a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) in the bone marrow. HSCs have the remarkable ability to differentiate into all types of blood cells, including mononuclear cells.

Under the influence of specific growth factors and cytokines, HSCs commit to the myeloid lineage, giving rise to common myeloid progenitors (CMPs). CMPs then further differentiate into various myeloid lineages, including the monocyte lineage.

Monocyte differentiation involves a series of regulated steps, including changes in gene expression, cell morphology, and functional capabilities. Monocytes are characterized by their large size, a single nucleus, and the presence of numerous cytoplasmic granules. They circulate in the bloodstream and play a critical role in innate immunity.

Upon reaching the tissues, monocytes can further differentiate into different subtypes of macrophages or dendritic cells, depending on the signals they receive from their environment.

Macrophages are phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, cellular debris, and foreign particles. They also contribute to tissue repair and wound healing.

Dendritic cells act as antigen-presenting cells, capturing and presenting antigens to T lymphocytes, thereby initiating adaptive immune responses.

The differentiation of mononuclear cells is a highly regulated process, influenced by a variety of factors, including:

* **Growth factors and cytokines:** These signaling molecules stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.
* **Transcription factors:** These proteins regulate gene expression, determining the specific fate of the differentiating cells.
* **Microenvironment:** The surrounding tissues and cells provide cues that guide cell differentiation.

Mononuclear cell differentiation is an ongoing process throughout life, ensuring the continuous replenishment of these essential immune cells. Dysregulation of mononuclear cell differentiation can lead to various diseases, including immunodeficiency and cancer.'
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Proteins (2)

Compounds (23)