Target type: biologicalprocess
The process in which a chorionic trophoblast cell acquires specialized features of a syncytiotrophoblast of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta. [GOC:dph]
The labyrinthine layer, a critical component of the human placenta, is formed through a complex process of syncytiotrophoblast (STB) cell differentiation. STB cells, which are multinucleated and arise from the fusion of cytotrophoblast (CTB) cells, form the outer layer of the chorionic villi. The development of the labyrinthine layer involves several key steps:
1. **CTB cell proliferation and migration:** CTB cells, located at the tips of the chorionic villi, proliferate and migrate towards the maternal decidua.
2. **Fusion of CTB cells:** As CTB cells migrate, they begin to fuse with each other, forming a multinucleated syncytium. The fusion process is regulated by cell adhesion molecules and signaling pathways, including the syncytin proteins, which are derived from endogenous retroviruses.
3. **Expansion and differentiation of the STB layer:** The STB layer expands and differentiates into a highly specialized tissue, characterized by extensive folding and branching, which creates a large surface area for nutrient and gas exchange between the maternal and fetal circulations.
4. **Formation of the villous core:** The villous core, which contains fetal capillaries and supporting connective tissue, develops within the STB layer.
5. **Development of the intervillous space:** The intervillous space, a space filled with maternal blood, forms between the chorionic villi. This space allows for efficient nutrient and gas exchange between the maternal and fetal circulations.
The labyrinthine layer plays a crucial role in fetal development by providing a vital interface for nutrient, oxygen, and waste exchange between the mother and the developing fetus. The formation of the labyrinthine layer is a dynamic process that is regulated by various factors, including hormonal signaling, growth factors, and the interaction between the STB cells and the maternal decidua.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Caspase-8 | A caspase-8 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene | stilbenoid | ||
| isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione | isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione: structure in first source | ||
| n-methylisatin | N-methylisatin: structure given in first source | ||
| 2,2'-((3,3'-dimethoxy(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diyl)diimino)bis-benzoic acid | 2,2'-((3,3'-dimethoxy(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diyl)diimino)bis-benzoic acid: structure given in first source | ||
| stictic acid | stictic acid: antioxidant from lichen, Usnea articulata; structure in first source | aromatic ether | |
| pralnacasan | pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source | ||
| 1,3(2h,4h)-isoquinolinedione | 1,3(2H,4H)-isoquinolinedione: structure in first source | ||
| acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal | Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7. acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor | tetrapeptide | protease inhibitor |
| 1,6-dimethyl-3-(2-pyridinyl)pyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione | pyrimidotriazine | ||
| 1,6-dimethyl-3-propylpyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione | pyrimidotriazine | ||
| 5-Nitroisatin | indoles | anticoronaviral agent | |
| n-acetyltyrosyl-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl aldehyde | |||
| benzyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-fluormethylketone | cathepsin B inhibitor : A cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1). | ||
| benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone | |||
| grassystatin a | grassystatin A: isolated from a cyanobacterium, identified as Lyngbya cf.; structure in first source | ||
| MK-8353 | MK-8353 : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole substituted by a 6-(propan-2-yloxy)pyridin-3-yl group at position 3 and by a {[(3S)-3-(methylsulfanyl)-1-(2-{4-[4-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl]-3,6-dihydropyridin-1(2H)-yl}-2-oxoethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbonyl}amino group at position 5. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of ERK1 and ERK2 in vitro (IC50 values of 23.0 nM and 8.8 nM, respectively). The drug is being developed by Merck Sharp & Dohme and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of advanced/metastatic solid tumors. MK-8353: ERK inhibitor used in oncology | aromatic ether; dihydropyridine; indazoles; methyl sulfide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide; triazoles | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor |