Page last updated: 2024-10-24

retinal binding

Definition

Target type: molecularfunction

Binding to retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina. [ISBN:0198506732]

Retinal binding is a crucial molecular function in the visual process, involving the interaction of retinal, a light-absorbing molecule, with specific proteins. Retinal, a derivative of vitamin A, exists in two primary forms: cis-retinal and trans-retinal.

The process begins with cis-retinal bound to a protein called rhodopsin, which is located in the rod cells of the retina. When light strikes rhodopsin, it causes a conformational change in the protein, converting cis-retinal to trans-retinal. This conversion triggers a cascade of events that ultimately leads to the generation of a nerve impulse that is transmitted to the brain, where it is interpreted as vision.

The interaction of retinal with rhodopsin is highly specific, with the binding site on rhodopsin designed to accommodate only the cis-retinal molecule. This specificity ensures that only light can activate the visual cascade.

The precise molecular details of retinal binding are complex and involve a network of hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions between retinal and amino acid residues in rhodopsin. The binding of retinal is essential for the function of rhodopsin, and mutations that disrupt this binding can lead to visual impairment.

In summary, retinal binding is a fundamental process in vision that allows the eye to detect light and transmit visual information to the brain. It involves a specific interaction between retinal and rhodopsin, which leads to a conformational change in rhodopsin and the initiation of the visual cascade.'
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Proteins (4)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 1A cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of chicken. [OMA:P40220, PRO:DNx]Gallus gallus (chicken)
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2A cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P29373]Homo sapiens (human)
Retinol-binding protein 4A retinol-binding protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P02753]Homo sapiens (human)
Retinal dehydrogenase 2A retinal dehydrogenase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O94788]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (16)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
uvitex swnUvitex SWN: optical brightner from Ciba; structure7-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
win 18446WIN 18446 : A carboxamide that is 1,8-diaminooctane in which a hydrogen attached to each of the amino groups has been replaced by a dichloroacetyl group. Inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a2 (ALDH1a2). Inhibits the biosynthesis of retinoic acid from retinol in neonatal and adult murine testis. It down-regulates sex related genes in zebrafish.organochlorine compound;
secondary carboxamide
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
daidzindaidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).

daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase
7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxyisoflavone;
monosaccharide derivative
plant metabolite
4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl)benzoic acid
6-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-6-naphthyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid6-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-6-naphthyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid: reverses keratinization process in hamster tracheal organ culture; inhibits induction of ornithine decarboxylase; structure & RN given in first source; RN not in Chemline 12/5/83
tretinoinall-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.

retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).

Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).
retinoic acid;
vitamin A
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
retinolall-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.

retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).

vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.

Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.
retinol;
vitamin A
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
alitretinoinAlitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
7-butyl-8-[[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]methyl]-1,3-dimethylpurine-2,6-dionepiperazines
isotretinoinisotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.

Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.
retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
fenretinide4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.

Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.
monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source

arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).
benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid
antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
teratogenic agent
n-(2-hydroxyethyl)retinamideN-(2-hydroxyethyl)retinamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation
agn 190205AGN 190205: inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation; structure in first source
tafamidistafamidis : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazole-6-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as its meglumine salt) for the amelioration of transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis.

tafamidis: may be effective in treating transthyretin amyloid polyneuropathy
1,3-benzoxazoles;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid
central nervous system drug
idarucizumab