aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity

Definition

Target type: molecularfunction

Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = an acid + NAD(P)H + H+. [EC:1.2.1.5]

Aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity is a crucial enzymatic process that plays a central role in the metabolism of various aldehydes, particularly those generated as byproducts of normal cellular processes or ingested through diet. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) as a cofactor. This reaction involves the transfer of two electrons and one proton from the aldehyde substrate to the NAD(P)+ cofactor, resulting in the reduction of NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H and the formation of a carboxylic acid. The mechanism typically involves the formation of a covalent thiohemiacetal intermediate between the aldehyde and the enzyme's active site cysteine residue. This intermediate is then oxidized by NAD(P)+, yielding the carboxylic acid and NAD(P)H.
Aldehyde dehydrogenases are highly diverse, with different isoforms exhibiting distinct substrate specificities and tissue distributions. Some key functions of aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity include:
• Detoxification: Aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes play a critical role in detoxifying harmful aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, which is produced during alcohol metabolism.
• Retinoid metabolism: Specific isoforms of aldehyde dehydrogenase are involved in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, a crucial regulator of cell growth, differentiation, and development.
• Lipid metabolism: These enzymes contribute to the degradation of fatty acids by catalyzing the oxidation of fatty aldehydes.
• Steroid biosynthesis: Some aldehyde dehydrogenases are essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen.
• Carbohydrate metabolism: Aldehyde dehydrogenases are involved in the metabolism of sugars by oxidizing specific aldehydes.
Deficiencies or mutations in specific aldehyde dehydrogenase genes can lead to various genetic disorders, including acetaldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, which causes severe reactions to alcohol consumption, and retinoic acid dehydrogenase deficiency, leading to developmental defects. Understanding the molecular functions of aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity is crucial for elucidating its roles in cellular processes and potential therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases.'
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Proteins (4)

Compounds (15)