positive regulation of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity. [GOC:TermGenie]
Positive regulation of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity is a crucial biological process that ensures the accurate and efficient replication of DNA. This process involves a complex interplay of proteins and regulatory elements that ultimately control the activity of DNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands.
The regulation of DNA polymerase activity is essential for maintaining genomic integrity and preventing mutations. Errors in DNA replication can lead to various cellular abnormalities, including cancer.
Here is a detailed description of the key steps involved in the positive regulation of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity:
1. **Initiation:** The process begins with the recognition and binding of DNA polymerase to the origin of replication on the DNA template. This step is often facilitated by specific initiator proteins that help to unwind the DNA double helix and create a single-stranded region where DNA polymerase can access the template.
2. **Primer Synthesis:** Before DNA polymerase can begin synthesizing a new DNA strand, a short RNA primer must be synthesized by an enzyme called primase. This primer provides a free 3' hydroxyl group that serves as a starting point for DNA polymerase to add nucleotides.
3. **Elongation:** Once the primer is in place, DNA polymerase binds to the template strand and begins adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the primer. The addition of nucleotides is a highly accurate process, with DNA polymerase carefully checking the base pairing between incoming nucleotides and the template strand.
4. **Proofreading:** DNA polymerase has a built-in proofreading mechanism that allows it to remove and replace any incorrectly incorporated nucleotides. This mechanism helps to ensure the fidelity of DNA replication.
5. **Termination:** The elongation process continues until the DNA polymerase reaches the end of the template strand or encounters a specific termination signal. At this point, the polymerase releases the newly synthesized DNA strand and the replication process is complete.
Several factors can positively regulate DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity, including:
* **Activation by accessory proteins:** Some proteins, such as PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) and RFC (Replication Factor C), help to stabilize the interaction between DNA polymerase and the template strand, enhancing its activity.
* **Post-translational modifications:** Modifications like phosphorylation of DNA polymerase can alter its activity and regulate its interaction with other proteins involved in replication.
* **Replication origin licensing:** Specific proteins ensure that each origin of replication is activated only once per cell cycle, preventing uncontrolled DNA replication.
* **Regulation by checkpoint proteins:** These proteins monitor the progress of replication and can pause the process if errors are detected, ensuring accuracy and stability.
The positive regulation of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity is a tightly controlled process that is essential for the faithful duplication of the genome. Understanding the intricacies of this process is crucial for advancing our knowledge of DNA replication, cell division, and the development of novel therapies for diseases like cancer.
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Proliferating cell nuclear antigen | A proliferating cell nuclear antigen that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (7)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid | tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome. | ||
| 3,3',5-triiodothyropropionic acid | aromatic ether | ||
| thyroxine | thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions. Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism. | 2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine; thyroxine zwitterion | antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| triiodothyronine | 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism. Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3. | 2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| 3,5-diiodothyronine, (l)-isomer | phenylalanine derivative | ||
| 3,3'-diiodothyronine | 3,3'-diiodothyronine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation | 3,3'-diiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion | human metabolite |
| 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid | 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)propanoic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group. An ionotropic analogue of L-thyroxine. 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid: a cardiotonic thyroid hormone analog | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; organoiodine compound; phenols |