genomic imprinting
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The establishment of epigenetic modifications (imprints) during gametogenesis, and propagation of these imprints during the organism's life. Genomic imprinting leads to an asymmetry between the maternal and paternal alleles and differential expression of the corresponding alleles. This can happen through heterochromatin formation or differential chromatin loop formation. [PMID:24492710, PMID:31896690, PMID:31965998]
Genomic imprinting is a phenomenon where the expression of a gene depends on whether it is inherited from the mother or the father. This means that the allele inherited from the mother may be silenced while the allele from the father is expressed, or vice versa. This selective silencing occurs during gametogenesis (the process of producing sperm and egg cells) and is maintained throughout the life of the organism.
Imprinting is a crucial process for normal mammalian development. It is involved in various aspects of development, including growth, metabolism, and behavior. For example, imprinting is responsible for the different roles of the maternal and paternal genomes in placental development.
The molecular basis of imprinting involves epigenetic modifications, primarily DNA methylation and histone modifications. These modifications can occur at specific genomic regions known as imprinting control regions (ICRs). ICRs act as regulatory switches that determine the expression of genes within their domain.
DNA methylation is a process where a methyl group is added to a cytosine base in DNA. This methylation can silence gene expression. Histone modifications, such as acetylation and methylation, can alter the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors, thereby influencing gene expression.
Imprinting can be disrupted by mutations in ICRs or by environmental factors, such as exposure to toxins or stress. These disruptions can lead to various developmental disorders, including Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome.
In summary, genomic imprinting is a complex epigenetic process that plays a vital role in mammalian development. It involves the selective silencing of genes depending on their parental origin. Imprinting is achieved through epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, at specific genomic regions known as imprinting control regions. Disruptions in imprinting can lead to various developmental disorders.'
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Proteins (3)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3-like | A DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3-like that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9UJW3] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 7 | A protein arginine N-methyltransferase 7 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9NVM4] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1B | A lysine-specific histone demethylase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:HJD, UniProtKB:Q8NB78] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (11)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| procainamide | procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE. | benzamides | anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker |
| 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine | 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine : A member of the class of cyclopropanes carrying amino and phenyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 respectively. | benzenes; cyclopropanes; primary amine | |
| dichlone | dichlone: structure | ||
| 5,5'-methylenedisalicylic acid | 5,5'-methylenedisalicylic acid: inhibits attachment of ribosomes to microsomal membranes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source & Merck Index, 9th ed, #5934 | ||
| s-adenosylhomocysteine | S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine. S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions. | adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide | cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite |
| rg108 | RG108: DNA methyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source | indolyl carboxylic acid | |
| (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride | (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. | hydrochloride | |
| genistein | 7-hydroxyisoflavones | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| sgi-1027 | SGI-1027: inhibits DNA methyltransferase 1; structure in first source | ||
| epz004777 | N-glycosyl compound | ||
| gsk2879552 | GSK2879552 : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by (4-carboxyphenyl)methyl and {[(1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl]amino}methyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, also known as KDM1A). It was under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and small cell lung carcinoma. GSK2879552: inhibits lysine demethylase 1; structure in first source | benzenes; benzoic acids; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; piperidines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.66 (lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A) inhibitor |