positive regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. [GOC:dph, GOC:yaf]
Positive regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis is a complex and tightly regulated process that is essential for the development of a functional respiratory system. It involves a coordinated interplay of signaling pathways, transcription factors, and extracellular matrix components. During embryonic development, the lung bud, a small outgrowth from the foregut, undergoes a series of branching events to form the intricate network of airways that characterize the mature lung. This branching process is initiated by the coordinated action of various signaling molecules, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), Wnt proteins, and sonic hedgehog (Shh). These signals stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, leading to the formation of new airway branches. The branching pattern is further influenced by the surrounding mesenchyme, which provides structural support and secretes growth factors that promote epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. The precise mechanism by which these signaling pathways regulate branching morphogenesis is still under investigation, but it is known that they interact with specific transcription factors, such as Nkx2.1, and activate downstream target genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and matrix remodeling. As the airways branch, epithelial cells differentiate into various cell types, including ciliated cells, goblet cells, and Clara cells, each with specific functions in maintaining lung homeostasis. The process of airway branching is further regulated by the extracellular matrix (ECM), which provides structural support and acts as a reservoir for growth factors. The ECM also plays a role in guiding the migration and differentiation of epithelial cells, ensuring that the airways develop in a coordinated and organized manner. In addition to these core components, various other factors, such as mechanical forces, oxygen tension, and epigenetic modifications, also contribute to the regulation of lung branching. Disruptions in any of these processes can lead to developmental lung defects, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and congenital lung malformations, highlighting the crucial importance of this complex biological process for normal lung development.'
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Proteins (2)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Catenin beta-1 | A catenin beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P35222] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Bone morphogenetic protein 4 | A bone morphogenetic protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNA, UniProtKB:P12644] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (9)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| salvin | salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae) | abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid | angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| toxoflavin | toxoflavin : A pyrimidotriazine that is 1,6-dimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine with oxo groups at positions 5 and 7. toxoflavin: azapteridine antibiotic; structure | carbonyl compound; pyrimidotriazine | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; toxin; virulence factor; Wnt signalling inhibitor |
| cercosporin | cercosporin : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is perylo[1,12-def][1,3]dioxepine-6,11-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 12, by methoxy groups at positions 7 and 10, and by 2-hydroxypropyl groups at positions 8 and 9 (the R,R-stereoisomer). It is a phytotoxin which was first isolated from the pathogenic soybean fungus, Cercospora kikuchii and later found in multiple members of the genus Cercospora. cercosporin: phyytotoxin from Cercospora beticola Sacc; posses photodynamic action on mice, bacteria & plants | ||
| LSM-42773 | aromatic ketone | ||
| etodolac, (-)-isomer | (R)-etodolac : The R-enantiomer of etodolac. It is inactive, in contrast to the enantiomer, (S)-etodolac, which is a preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory. The racemate is commonly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. | etodolac | |
| ucn 1028 c | calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides | ||
| dorsomorphin | dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor | aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines | bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor |
| ldn 193189 | LDN 193189: inhibits bone morphogenetic protein signaling | pyrimidines | |
| ml347 | ML347: an ALK2 inhibitor; structure in first source |