Target type: biologicalprocess
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nail over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the outer end of a finger or toe, and consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0323025781, UBERON:0001705, Wikipedia:Nail_(anatomy)]
Nail development is a complex process involving the interaction of multiple cell types and signaling pathways. It begins with the formation of the nail matrix, a specialized epithelial tissue located at the base of the nail plate. Within the nail matrix, keratinocytes undergo a process of differentiation and proliferation, producing a specialized type of keratin known as alpha-keratin. These keratinocytes form the nail plate, which is constantly growing and pushing the older cells towards the free edge of the nail.
The nail matrix is also responsible for the formation of the nail bed, the layer of tissue that lies beneath the nail plate. The nail bed is richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves, which provide nutrients and sensation to the nail.
Nail growth is influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, hormones, and environmental conditions. For example, nail growth can be slowed by factors such as illness, malnutrition, or injury.
The growth of the nail plate is also influenced by the nail matrix. The nail matrix is responsible for the production of new nail cells and the overall shape of the nail. The rate of nail growth varies depending on the individual, but it is generally slower in the winter months and faster in the summer months.
As the nail plate grows, it passes over the nail bed, and the cells of the nail bed are incorporated into the nail plate. The nail plate also incorporates some of the keratinized cells from the nail matrix. As the nail plate continues to grow, it eventually reaches the free edge of the nail.
The free edge of the nail is the part of the nail that extends beyond the fingertip. It is the oldest part of the nail and is typically the most vulnerable to damage.
The process of nail development is regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways, including the Wnt, Hedgehog, and BMP pathways. These pathways regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of nail matrix cells.
In addition to the nail matrix and nail bed, nail development also involves the nail fold, which is the skin that surrounds the nail. The nail fold plays an important role in protecting the nail matrix and preventing infection.
Nail development is a fascinating process that involves the intricate interplay of multiple cell types and signaling pathways. This process is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the fingertip and providing protection for the underlying tissue.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 | A 5-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y478] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| salicylic acid | Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL). | monohydroxybenzoic acid | algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite |
| adenosine monophosphate | Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical |
| staurosporine | indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound | apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector | |
| zln024 | ZLN024: an AMP-activated protein kinase activator; structure in first source | ||
| n,n'-dimethyl-n,n'-bis(mercaptoacetyl)hydrazine | N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-bis(mercaptoacetyl)hydrazine: used to reduce disulfide bonds; structure in first source | ||
| ginsenoside rb2 | 12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid | antiviral agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite | |
| 3,5-bis(2-fluorobenzylidene)piperidin-4-one | 3,5-bis(2-fluorobenzylidene)piperidin-4-one: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source | ||
| ginsenoside rb1 | ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid | anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger | |
| dorsomorphin | dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor | aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines | bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor |
| ginsenoside rd | ginsenoside Rd : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside. ginsenoside Rd: RN refers to (3beta,12beta)-isomer | beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid | anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; immunosuppressive agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary |
| mogrol | mogrol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is cucurbitadienol in which the side-chain double bond (position 24-25) has undergone formal oxidation to introduce hydroxy groups at positions 24 and 25 (the 24R stereoisomer). It is a biometabolite of mogrosides found in Siraitia grosvenorii. | hydroxy seco-steroid; tetracyclic triterpenoid | antineoplastic agent |
| ldn 193189 | LDN 193189: inhibits bone morphogenetic protein signaling | pyrimidines | |
| DMH1 | DMH1 : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine bearing quinolin-4-yl and 4-isopropyloxyphenyl substituents at positions 3 and 6 respectively. | aromatic ether; pyrazolopyrimidine; quinolines | antineoplastic agent; bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; protein kinase inhibitor |
| a 769662 | biphenyls | ||
| urmc-099 | URMC-099: inhibits mixed lineage kinase 3 | ||
| ldn-212854 |