positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate. [GOC:mah]
The positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) biosynthetic process involves a complex interplay of signaling pathways and enzymes that ultimately lead to the production of IP3, a crucial second messenger in cellular signaling. This process is tightly regulated to ensure appropriate responses to various stimuli, ranging from hormonal signals to changes in environmental conditions.
**Key steps in this process include:**
1. **Activation of Phospholipase C (PLC):** PLC enzymes are activated by a variety of upstream signals, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). This activation is often triggered by the binding of specific ligands to their respective receptors, initiating a cascade of intracellular events.
2. **Hydrolysis of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2):** Once activated, PLC hydrolyzes PIP2, a membrane phospholipid, into two products: diacylglycerol (DAG) and IP3. This reaction is a key step in the generation of IP3.
3. **Release of IP3:** IP3 is a water-soluble molecule that readily diffuses from the membrane to the cytoplasm. This release initiates downstream signaling events.
4. **IP3 Signaling Pathway:** IP3 binds to its receptor on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a specialized organelle involved in calcium storage. This binding triggers the release of calcium ions (Ca2+) from the ER into the cytoplasm.
**Positive Regulation:**
* **Increased PLC activity:** Several factors can enhance the activity of PLC, leading to increased IP3 production. These include:
* **Increased phosphorylation:** Various kinases can phosphorylate PLC, promoting its activation and enhancing its catalytic activity.
* **Binding of regulatory proteins:** Some proteins can bind to PLC and enhance its activity, facilitating the production of IP3.
* **Increased expression of PLC:** Increased expression of PLC genes can lead to elevated levels of PLC protein, potentially leading to an increase in IP3 production.
* **Enhanced Calcium Release:** Factors that promote the release of calcium from the ER, such as increased IP3 production, contribute to the positive regulation of the inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process.
* **Other regulatory mechanisms:** The regulation of IP3 biosynthesis is complex and involves additional mechanisms, such as the interaction of IP3 with specific binding proteins and the involvement of other signaling molecules.
**Biological Significance:**
* **Cell Signaling:** IP3 serves as a key second messenger in various cellular processes, including:
* **Cellular proliferation and differentiation:** IP3 signaling plays a critical role in regulating cell growth and development.
* **Calcium signaling:** IP3-mediated release of calcium from the ER initiates a cascade of events, leading to various cellular responses.
* **Muscle contraction:** In muscle cells, IP3 signaling contributes to the regulation of muscle contraction.
* **Neurotransmission:** IP3 signaling is involved in the release of neurotransmitters at synapses.
* **Physiological Processes:** The positive regulation of IP3 biosynthesis is crucial for many physiological processes, including:
* **Hormonal regulation:** IP3 signaling pathways are involved in the responses to various hormones, including insulin and growth hormone.
* **Immune responses:** IP3 plays a role in immune cell activation and signaling.
* **Development and differentiation:** IP3 signaling is important for tissue development and the differentiation of various cell types.
**Overall, the positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process is a complex and tightly regulated process that plays a vital role in cellular signaling and physiological processes. Understanding this process is essential for gaining insight into a wide range of cellular functions and for developing new therapeutic strategies targeting various diseases.**'
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Proteins (4)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 | A G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q99527] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| P2Y purinoceptor 6 | A P2Y purinoceptor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q15077] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| P2Y purinoceptor 1 | A P2Y purinoceptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P47900] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor | A lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P22888] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (29)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid | 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6. pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert | arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde | purinergic receptor P2X antagonist |
| suramin | suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years. Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties. | naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug |
| adenosine diphosphate | Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position. | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | fundamental metabolite; human metabolite |
| uridine diphosphate | Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. | pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| adenosine monophosphate | Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical |
| cytidine diphosphate | Cytidine Diphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate. | cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| uridine triphosphate | Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| uridine diphosphate glucose | UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism. Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids. | UDP-D-glucose | fundamental metabolite |
| methylthio-adp | |||
| diquafosol | diquafosol: purinoceptor P2Y(2) receptor agonist P(1),P(4)-bis(uridin-5'-yl) tetraphosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate compound having 5'-uridinyl residues at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions. | pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate | mouse metabolite; P2Y2 receptor agonist |
| phosphoribofuranosylbarbituric acid | |||
| 2-chloro-atp | 2-chloro-ATP: new ATP analog; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure | ||
| adenosine 5'-o-(1-thiodiphosphate) | adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiodiphosphate): do not confuse with ADP beta S | ||
| uridine 5'-tetraphosphate | |||
| nitro-bis(2,4-pentanedionato)(pyridine)cobalt(iii) | nitro-bis(2,4-pentanedionato)(pyridine)cobalt(III): structure given in first source P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate : A diadenosyl pentaphosphate having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(5)-positions. | diadenosyl pentaphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent |
| TTP | pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | ||
| salvianolic acid a | salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia | stilbenoid | |
| 2-methylthio-atp | 2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source | ||
| adp beta s | adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate): partial agonist toward platelet aggregation; see also record for 1-thiodiphosphate cpd | ||
| 1-(4-(6-bromobenzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3h-cyclopenta(c)quinolin-8-yl)ethanone | 1-(4-(6-bromobenzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta(c)quinolin-8-yl)ethanone: G-1 was able to induce both c-fos expression and proliferation in the ERalpha-negative/GPR30-positive SKBR3 breast cancer cells, the requirement for ERalpha expression in GPR30/EGFR signaling may depend on the specific cellular context of different tumor types | agonist | |
| 5-bromouridine triphosphate | 5-bromouridine 5'-triphosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having 5-bromouracil as the pyrimidine component. | organobromine compound; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | |
| denufosol tetrasodium | |||
| org 41841 | Org 41841: structure in first source | pyrimidines; thienopyrimidine | |
| denufosol tetrasodium | denufosol tetrasodium: for treatment of cystic fibrosis | ||
| 4-thiouridylic acid | |||
| acid blue 25 | |||
| acid blue 129 | |||
| mrs2500 | |||
| guanosine diphosphate | Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor |