positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response. [GOC:mah]
Positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response is a complex biological process that ensures the development of a specific type of immune cells called regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis by suppressing excessive immune responses and preventing autoimmunity.
This process begins with the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Tregs. This differentiation is tightly regulated by a combination of factors, including:
1. **Cytokine signaling:** Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a key cytokine that initiates Treg differentiation. It acts in conjunction with other cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-10, depending on the specific context.
2. **Transcription factors:** Several transcription factors are involved in regulating Treg differentiation, including Foxp3, which is considered the master regulator of Treg identity. Foxp3 expression is induced by TGF-beta and other signals and is essential for the development and function of Tregs.
3. **Epigenetic modifications:** The expression of Foxp3 and other Treg-specific genes is regulated by epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. These modifications contribute to the stable expression of Treg-specific genes and the long-term stability of the Treg lineage.
Once differentiated, Tregs express a characteristic set of surface markers, including CD4, CD25, and the alpha-beta T cell receptor (TCR). They also express a range of molecules that enable them to suppress immune responses, including:
1. **Cytokines:** Tregs produce suppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-beta, which inhibit the activation and proliferation of other immune cells.
2. **Cell-cell interactions:** Tregs express molecules such as CTLA-4 and CD25 that interact with other immune cells, such as dendritic cells and T cells, to dampen their activation.
3. **Metabolic modulation:** Tregs can modulate the metabolism of other immune cells, creating an environment that is less conducive to immune activation.
The development and function of Tregs are essential for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases. Defects in Treg differentiation or function can lead to uncontrolled immune responses and autoimmune disorders. Therefore, understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying Treg differentiation is crucial for developing therapies to treat autoimmune diseases and enhance immune regulation.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Galectin-9 | A galectin-9 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O00182] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (7)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| lactose | beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form. Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry. | lactose | |
| methyl alpha-d-galactopyranoside | methyl alpha-D-galactoside : An alpha-D-galactoside having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position. methyl-galactopyranoside: structure in first source | alpha-D-galactoside; methyl D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative | |
| methyl beta-galactoside | methyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactopyranoside having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position. methyl beta-galactoside: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer methyl galactoside : A methyl glycoside in which the H of the OH group on C-1 of galactose is replaced by a methyl group. | beta-D-galactoside; methyl D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative | |
| thiodigalactoside | thiodigalactoside: RN given refers to beta-D-galactopyranoside (D-Gal)-isomer | ||
| methyl lactoside | beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-OMe : A methyl glycoside comprising methyl beta-D-glucoside having an beta-D-galactosyl residue at the 4-position. | disaccharide derivative; methyl glycoside | |
| n-acetyllactosamine | N-acetyllactosamine : A beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre. N-acetyllactosamine: RN given refers to D-isomer | beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-D-GlcpNAc | |
| galactal | galactal: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure | anhydrohexose; glycal |