Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production. [GOC:mah, PMID:23710316]
Negative regulation of interleukin-18 (IL-18) production is a crucial process in controlling inflammation and immune responses. IL-18 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a vital role in promoting Th1 responses, NK cell activation, and the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Excessive IL-18 production can lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, tight regulation of its production is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis.
Several mechanisms contribute to the negative regulation of IL-18 production. One key pathway involves the inhibition of caspase-1 activation, the enzyme responsible for processing pro-IL-18 into its active form. Caspase-1 activation is tightly controlled by the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that assembles in response to various stimuli, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The NLRP3 inflammasome is the most well-characterized inflammasome involved in IL-18 production.
Several negative regulators can inhibit caspase-1 activation and IL-18 production. These include:
- **Inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly:**
- **NLRP3 inhibitors:** Molecules that directly bind to NLRP3 and prevent its activation.
- **ASC inhibitors:** Inhibitors of the adaptor protein ASC, which is essential for inflammasome assembly.
- **Inhibitors of caspase-1 activation:**
- **Caspase-1 inhibitors:** Molecules that directly bind to caspase-1 and block its catalytic activity.
- **Caspase-1 antagonists:** Molecules that interfere with caspase-1 activation by competing with its substrates.
Another mechanism involves the inhibition of IL-18 expression at the transcriptional level. Several transcription factors, including NF-κB and AP-1, can activate IL-18 gene expression. Negative regulators can target these transcription factors to prevent their activation or promote their degradation.
Furthermore, post-translational modifications, such as ubiquitination and phosphorylation, can also modulate IL-18 production. Ubiquitination can target IL-18 for degradation, while phosphorylation can alter its activity or stability.
In addition to these intrinsic mechanisms, external factors, such as anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10) and immunosuppressive drugs, can also contribute to the negative regulation of IL-18 production. IL-10, for example, can suppress the expression of NLRP3 and other inflammasome components, leading to reduced IL-18 production.
In conclusion, the negative regulation of IL-18 production involves a complex interplay of different mechanisms, including the inhibition of caspase-1 activation, transcriptional regulation, post-translational modifications, and external factors. This intricate regulatory network ensures that IL-18 production is tightly controlled, preventing excessive inflammation and maintaining immune homeostasis.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 | A nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9HC29] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Interleukin-10 | An interleukin-10 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:JAN, UniProtKB:P22301] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
paclitaxel | Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL). | taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent |
docetaxel anhydrous | docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group. Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER. | secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent |
muramyl dipeptide | glycopeptide | immunological adjuvant | |
3-methyl-7-pentyl-8-(2-phenylethylthio)purine-2,6-dione | oxopurine | ||
3-methyl-7-(phenylmethyl)-8-(propan-2-ylthio)purine-2,6-dione | oxopurine | ||
1-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl-2-benzimidazolamine | sulfonamide | ||
1-(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl-2-benzimidazolamine | sulfonamide | ||
1-(benzenesulfonyl)-2-benzimidazolamine | sulfonamide | ||
1-(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl-2-benzimidazolamine | sulfonamide | ||
pd 166285 | |||
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl-2-benzimidazolamine | sulfonamide | ||
5,6-dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl-2-benzimidazolamine | sulfonamide | ||
hg-9-91-01 | HG-9-91-01 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is a potent inhibitor of salt-inducible kinase 2, a potential target protein for therapy in ovarian cancer. HG-9-91-01: inhibits salt-inducible kinases; structure in first source | aminopyrimidine; dimethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas; secondary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; salt-inducible kinase 2 inhibitor |