Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages. [ISBN:0198506732]
Oligosaccharide biosynthesis is a fundamental biological process responsible for the assembly of complex carbohydrate structures, known as oligosaccharides. These structures play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including cell recognition, adhesion, signaling, and immune responses. The process involves a series of enzymatic steps, primarily catalyzed by glycosyltransferases, which transfer sugar units from donor molecules, typically nucleotide sugars, to acceptor molecules, such as proteins or lipids. The synthesis begins with simple monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, which are converted to activated forms like UDP-glucose or GDP-mannose. These activated sugars act as substrates for glycosyltransferases, which transfer the sugar moiety to specific hydroxyl groups on the acceptor molecule, leading to the formation of glycosidic linkages. The specificity of glycosyltransferases ensures the formation of specific oligosaccharide structures, which vary depending on the type of sugar unit, the acceptor molecule, and the glycosidic linkage. The biosynthesis of oligosaccharides can be linear or branched, with the complexity of the structure increasing with the addition of more sugar units. Once synthesized, oligosaccharides can undergo further modifications, such as phosphorylation or sulfation, which can alter their biological activity. In addition to the enzymatic steps, other factors, such as the availability of substrates, the expression level of glycosyltransferases, and the cellular environment, influence the oligosaccharide biosynthetic process. The process is highly regulated, ensuring the production of specific and functional oligosaccharides essential for cellular function and organism development.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 | [no definition available] | Bos taurus (cattle) |
4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase 9 | A 4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase 9 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y231] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 7 | An alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 7 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q11130] | Homo sapiens (human) |
4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase FUT5 | A 4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase FUT5 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q11128] | Homo sapiens (human) |
4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase FUT6 | A 4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase FUT6 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P51993] | Homo sapiens (human) |
4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase 9 | A 4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase 9 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y231] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 7 | An alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 7 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q11130] | Homo sapiens (human) |
4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase FUT5 | A 4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase FUT5 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q11128] | Homo sapiens (human) |
4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase FUT6 | A 4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase FUT6 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P51993] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
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2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid | 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives. | dihydroxybenzoic acid | human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
protocatechuic acid | 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4. protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
gallic acid | gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid. | trihydroxybenzoic acid | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
beta-resorcylic acid | beta-resorcylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | ||
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid | 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin | dihydroxybenzoic acid | EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite |
veratric acid | 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3. veratric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | benzoic acids | allergen; plant metabolite |
methyl gallate | methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum | gallate ester | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite |
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid | 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid : A benzoic acid derivative carrying 3-, 4- and 5-methoxy substituents. 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | benzoic acids; methoxybenzenes | human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
syringic acid | syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid. syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source | benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols | plant metabolite |
uridine diphosphate galactose | UDP-alpha-D-galactose : A UDP-D-galactose in which the anomeric centre of the galactose moiety has alpha-configuration. Uridine Diphosphate Galactose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose. | UDP-D-galactose | mouse metabolite |
epigallocatechin gallate | (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin. epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis) | flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
guanosine diphosphate | Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor |
guanosine triphosphate | Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor |