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regulation of exit from mitosis

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity. [GOC:rn]

Regulation of exit from mitosis is a tightly controlled process that ensures proper chromosome segregation and cell division. It involves a complex interplay of signaling pathways, protein modifications, and changes in gene expression.

**Key events in exit from mitosis:**

1. **Cyclin B degradation:** Cyclin B, a key regulator of mitotic entry, is degraded by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase. This triggers the inactivation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are essential for mitotic progression.
2. **Dephosphorylation of mitotic substrates:** CDK inactivation leads to the dephosphorylation of various proteins that were phosphorylated during mitosis, including proteins involved in chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, and microtubule dynamics.
3. **Nuclear envelope reassembly:** Dephosphorylation of nuclear lamins and other nuclear envelope proteins allows for the reassembly of the nuclear envelope around the segregated chromosomes.
4. **Chromosome decondensation:** The dephosphorylation of histone proteins results in chromosome decondensation, returning the chromosomes to their interphase state.
5. **Microtubule depolymerization:** Microtubule-associated proteins are dephosphorylated, contributing to the depolymerization of the mitotic spindle.
6. **Cytokinesis:** The cleavage furrow forms, dividing the cytoplasm and completing cell division.

**Signaling pathways involved in mitotic exit:**

* **The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC):** This pathway ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle before anaphase onset.
* **The Polo kinase pathway:** Polo kinase is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a crucial role in mitotic progression and exit.
* **The Wee1/Cdc25 pathway:** This pathway regulates CDK activity through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

**Regulation of mitotic exit:**

* **Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events:** The activity of key proteins, including CDKs and their regulators, is tightly controlled by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
* **Ubiquitination and proteolysis:** Proteins involved in mitotic progression, such as cyclins and APC/C components, are targeted for degradation by ubiquitination.
* **Transcriptional regulation:** The expression of genes involved in mitotic exit is regulated through transcription factors and signaling pathways.

**Consequences of defects in mitotic exit:**

* **Chromosome missegregation:** Defective mitotic exit can lead to aneuploidy, which is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in cells.
* **Cell cycle arrest:** Cells may be unable to exit mitosis properly, leading to cell cycle arrest and potentially apoptosis.
* **Cancer development:** Defects in mitotic exit can contribute to the development of cancer by promoting genomic instability and uncontrolled cell growth.

Regulation of exit from mitosis is a complex and critical process that ensures the faithful segregation of chromosomes and the completion of cell division. Dysregulation of this process can have serious consequences for cell function and organismal health.'
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Proteins (2)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Dual specificity protein phosphatase CDC14AA dual specificity protein phosphatase CDC14A that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9UNH5]Homo sapiens (human)
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-2An NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q8IXJ6]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (36)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
niacinamidenicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3
anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
bisindolylmaleimide ibisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide
2-(1-(2-(1-methylpyrrolidino)ethyl)-1h-indol-3-yl)maleimidebisindolylmaleimide II: protein kinase C inhibitor; see also bisindolylmaleimide I
bisindolylmaleimide ivindoles;
maleimides
bisindolylmaleimide vbisindolylmaleimide V: used as a negative control compound for protein kinase C inhibition; structure in first source;indoles
go 6976indolocarbazole;
organic heterohexacyclic compound
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
idebenone1,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol
antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
nsc 664704kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).

kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source
indolobenzazepine;
lactam;
organobromine compound
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
fenamic acidfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd
aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound
membrane transport modulator
ro 31-8220Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitorimidothiocarbamic ester;
indoles;
maleimides
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fenofibratebenzochromenone;
delta-lactone;
naphtho-alpha-pyrone
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
Sir2 inhibitor
suraminsuramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.

Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.
naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
suramin sodiumsuramin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the hexasodium salt of suramin. It is an FDA approved drug for African sleeping sickness and river blindness.organic sodium saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
toxoflavintoxoflavin : A pyrimidotriazine that is 1,6-dimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine with oxo groups at positions 5 and 7.

toxoflavin: azapteridine antibiotic; structure
carbonyl compound;
pyrimidotriazine
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
toxin;
virulence factor;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
paullonepaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is 5,6,7,12-tetrahydroindolo[3,2-d][1]benzazepine carrying an oxo substituent at position 6.

paullone: structure in first source
indolobenzazepine;
lactam
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
hyperforinhyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.

hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;
resveratroltrans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
cefsulodincefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.

Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.
cephalosporin;
organosulfonic acid;
primary carboxamide
antibacterial drug
3-(1-azepanylsulfonyl)-n-(3-bromphenyl)benzamide3-(1-azepanylsulfonyl)-N-(3-bromphenyl)benzamide: a sirtuin 2 inhibitor; structure in first source
1,4-bis[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamino]anthracene-9,10-dioneanthraquinone
sirtinolaldimine;
benzamides;
naphthols
anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Sir2 inhibitor
cambinolcambinol: inhibitor of human silent information regulator 2 enzymes; structure in first source
(4-chlorophenyl)-[4-(8-nitro-5-quinolinyl)-1-piperazinyl]methanoneN-arylpiperazine
ex 5276-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.

6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source
carbazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound
su 11248monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
panobinostatpanobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.

Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.
cinnamamides;
hydroxamic acid;
methylindole;
secondary amino compound
angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
oblongifolin coblongifolin C: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Garcinia yunnanensis; structure in first source
quisinostatindoles
srt1460SRT1460: small molecule activator of SIRT1 as therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes; structure in first source
srt1720
srt2183SRT2183: small molecule activator of SIRT1 as therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes; structure in first source
tenovin-6tenovin-6 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(dimethylamino)pentanoic acid with the aromatic amino group of N-[(4-aminophenyl)carbamothioyl]-4-tert-butylbenzamide.monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound;
thioureas
antineoplastic agent;
p53 activator;
Sir2 inhibitor
3-(1-(3-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-3-oxopropyl)-1h-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1h-indole-5-carboxylic acid3-(1-(3-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-3-oxopropyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid: an SHP2 inhibitor; structure in first source
acy-1215ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first sourcepyrimidinecarboxylic acid
aristoforinAristoforin: derivative of hyperforin, is a potent anticancer agent; structure in first source
n-(3-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-ylmethylene)amino)phenyl)-2-phenylpropionamide