cell-matrix adhesion involved in ameboidal cell migration

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix that contributes to the directed movement of an ameboid cell. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]

Cell-matrix adhesion is a crucial process in ameboidal cell migration, a mode of movement characterized by the extension of pseudopodia, dynamic protrusions of the cell membrane. This process involves a complex interplay between the cell's internal cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (ECM), the network of proteins and polysaccharides surrounding cells.

1. **Adhesion initiation:** The initial step involves the cell's interaction with ECM components through specialized adhesion receptors, primarily integrins. Integrins are transmembrane proteins that bind to ECM proteins like fibronectin, laminin, and collagen. This binding triggers intracellular signaling pathways, leading to the activation of Rho GTPases, small signaling molecules that regulate cytoskeletal reorganization.

2. **Cytoskeletal reorganization:** Activated Rho GTPases initiate a cascade of events that reshape the actin cytoskeleton, the primary protein responsible for cell shape and movement. Actin polymerization at the leading edge of the cell forms the core of the pseudopodium, driving its extension. This process is facilitated by actin-binding proteins such as Arp2/3 complex and formins.

3. **Focal adhesion formation:** As the cell adheres to the ECM, integrins cluster together, forming focal adhesions, specialized structures that act as anchoring points between the cell and the ECM. These adhesions are highly dynamic, constantly forming and disassembling, allowing the cell to move forward. Focal adhesions contain a variety of proteins, including talin, vinculin, and paxillin, which link integrins to the actin cytoskeleton.

4. **Protrusion and retraction:** The formation of new adhesions at the leading edge of the cell drives protrusion, while the disassembly of older adhesions at the trailing edge allows for retraction. This coordinated process of adhesion and de-adhesion is crucial for efficient cell migration.

5. **Detachment and ECM remodeling:** During migration, ameboid cells can also detach from the ECM and migrate through gaps in the matrix. This process may involve the secretion of proteases that degrade ECM components, facilitating cell movement.

6. **Regulation of cell migration:** The entire process of cell-matrix adhesion is tightly regulated by intracellular signaling pathways. Signals from the ECM, growth factors, and other cues can modulate the activity of key proteins involved in adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization, and migration.

In summary, cell-matrix adhesion is a dynamic and intricate process that plays a pivotal role in ameboidal cell migration. The interplay between adhesion receptors, the cytoskeleton, and the ECM allows cells to move efficiently and navigate complex environments.'
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Proteins (2)

Compounds (6)