positive regulation of thyroid hormone generation
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone generation. [GOC:obol]
Positive regulation of thyroid hormone generation is a complex and tightly regulated process that involves multiple steps. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, is responsible for producing thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating metabolism, growth, and development. The process begins with the uptake of iodide from the bloodstream by thyroid follicular cells. Iodide is then oxidized and attached to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, a protein synthesized and stored within the follicular cells. This process results in the formation of monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT). Through coupling reactions, MIT and DIT combine to form T3 and T4. These hormones are stored within the colloid, a gel-like substance in the thyroid follicles. When needed, T4 and T3 are released into the bloodstream by proteolytic cleavage of thyroglobulin. The regulation of thyroid hormone generation is primarily controlled by the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then acts on the thyroid gland to increase the production and release of thyroid hormones. Negative feedback mechanisms are in place to maintain optimal levels of thyroid hormones. High levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the release of TRH and TSH, reducing thyroid hormone production. Positive regulation occurs when low levels of thyroid hormones trigger the release of TRH and TSH, stimulating thyroid hormone production. This intricate interplay of hormones and feedback loops ensures the precise regulation of thyroid hormone levels, which is essential for maintaining normal physiological function.'
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Proteins (2)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1 | A solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9NYB5] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Serine protease hepsin | A serine protease hepsin that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P05981] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (9)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| camostat | camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients. | benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide | anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor |
| gabexate | Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin. | benzoate ester | |
| nafamostat | nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic | benzoic acids; guanidines | |
| thyroxine | thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions. Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism. | 2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine; thyroxine zwitterion | antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| leupeptin | aldehyde; tripeptide | bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor | |
| 5-amidinoindole | |||
| dabigatran | dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism. Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. | aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines | anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor |
| benzamidine | carboxamidinium ion | ||
| triiodothyronine, reverse | 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion |