response to hydrogen sulfide

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen sulfide stimulus. [GO_REF:0000071, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24012591]

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless gas with a characteristic rotten egg odor. While it is toxic in high concentrations, H2S also plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in living organisms. H2S is produced endogenously by enzymes like cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST). It acts as a signaling molecule, influencing a wide range of cellular processes, including:

- **Vasodilation:** H2S relaxes smooth muscle cells, leading to vasodilation (widening of blood vessels). This effect contributes to the regulation of blood pressure and blood flow.
- **Anti-inflammatory effects:** H2S has been shown to suppress inflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β.
- **Neuroprotection:** H2S protects neurons from damage caused by oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and other insults. It also plays a role in synaptic plasticity and learning.
- **Mitochondrial function:** H2S modulates mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, influencing energy production and cell survival.
- **Cardioprotection:** H2S has been implicated in protecting the heart from ischemic injury and promoting cardiac function.
- **Antioxidant activity:** H2S scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to the cellular defense against oxidative stress.

The response to H2S involves various signaling pathways and mechanisms, including:

- **Activation of KATP channels:** H2S opens potassium channels (KATP) in smooth muscle cells, leading to hyperpolarization and relaxation.
- **Inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase:** H2S binds to cytochrome c oxidase, a key enzyme in the electron transport chain, inhibiting mitochondrial respiration.
- **Activation of Nrf2 pathway:** H2S activates the Nrf2 pathway, a transcription factor that regulates the expression of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes.
- **Regulation of gene expression:** H2S can directly or indirectly influence gene expression, modulating cellular responses to various stimuli.

The cellular response to H2S is highly complex and involves interactions with various cellular components and signaling pathways. Further research is ongoing to fully elucidate the intricate mechanisms of H2S signaling and its implications for human health.'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (14)