response to L-glutamine

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-glutamine stimulus. [GO_REF:0000071, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23185570]

L-glutamine is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including protein synthesis, cell growth, and immune function. Response to L-glutamine involves a complex interplay of cellular mechanisms that sense the presence of this amino acid and trigger downstream signaling pathways. The following steps outline the key processes involved in response to L-glutamine:

**1. Uptake and Transport:**

L-glutamine enters cells through specific transport systems located on the plasma membrane. These transporters, like the SLC1A5 (ASCT2) and SLC38A5 (SNAT5), facilitate the uptake of L-glutamine against its concentration gradient.

**2. Sensing and Signal Transduction:**

Once inside the cell, L-glutamine can activate specific signaling pathways. One of the major pathways involves the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1). L-glutamine acts as a nutrient sensor, enhancing mTORC1 activity by promoting the synthesis of the essential amino acid leucine.

**3. Gene Expression Regulation:**

L-glutamine can modulate gene expression by affecting the activity of transcription factors. For example, L-glutamine can enhance the binding of the transcription factor c-Myc to DNA, leading to increased transcription of genes involved in cell growth and proliferation.

**4. Metabolism and Biosynthesis:**

L-glutamine is a precursor for various metabolic pathways. It serves as a nitrogen donor in the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. Additionally, L-glutamine can be converted to α-ketoglutarate, an important intermediate in the citric acid cycle.

**5. Immune Response:**

L-glutamine plays a vital role in immune function by supporting the growth and activation of immune cells. It is particularly important for T cell and macrophage function, contributing to immune response and host defense.

**6. Cell Growth and Proliferation:**

L-glutamine is essential for cell growth and proliferation. It serves as a building block for protein synthesis, a key process in cell division and expansion.

**7. Oxidative Stress Protection:**

L-glutamine can contribute to protection against oxidative stress, a condition that can damage cells and tissues. It acts as a reducing agent, helping to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS).

**In summary, response to L-glutamine involves a multifaceted process that encompasses uptake, signaling, gene regulation, metabolism, immune function, cell growth, and oxidative stress protection. These processes are tightly intertwined and collectively contribute to the essential role of L-glutamine in maintaining cellular homeostasis and overall organismal health.**'
"

Proteins (1)

Compounds (14)